(Invited) High Efficiency Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion on InGaN Nanowire Arrays
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Recently, III-nitride nanowire structures have been intensively investigated for applications in solar water splitting and hydrogen generation. Compared to the conventional oxide-based photoelectrodes, III-nitride nanowires offer distinct advantages including tunable energy bandgap across nearly the entire solar spectrum, conduction and valence band edges that can straddle water redox potentials under deep visible and near-infrared light irradiation , and high efficiency charge carrier separation and extraction. Spontaneous overall water splitting under UV, blue, and green light irradiation has been demonstrated on InGaN/GaN nanowire structures. Moreover, multi-band InGaN nanowire photocatalyst and photoanode have been developed to effectively harvest a large part of the solar spectrum . Such nanowire arrays also exhibit a high level of stability in aqueous solution . To further improve the efficiency of solar-to-hydrogen conversion, we have investigated the design, epitaxial growth, and testing of paired InGaN/GaN photoanode and photocathode. The devices exhibit relatively high incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (up to 65%). The energy conversion efficiency in the wavelength range of 300-600 nm is also significantly improved, compared to a single electrode. Here, we report on the design principle and operation of such novel photoelectrodes. In this design, the photocathode and the photoanode are connected side by side, wherein the solar light can be split spectrally and spatially. Different split light spectra are spread out to strike the corresponding photoelectrodes. n -InGaN/GaN and p -InGaN/GaN decorated with Pt nanoparticles are used as the photoanode and photocathode, respectively. The design of paired InGaN nanowire photoelectrodes can provide high photovoltage without trading off on the harvesting of longer wavelength of sunlight. Catalyst-free, vertically aligned InGaN/GaN nanowire arrays were grown on n-type Si(111) substrate by radio frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy under nitrogen rich conditions. After an in situ oxide desorption at ~ 770 °C, A GaN nanowire template with a height of ~ 200 nm was first grown on Si substrate. To enhance the carrier transport between the n -type Si substrate and p -InGaN nanowire, a tunnel junction consisting of n + -GaN/ p + -InGaN/ p + -GaN was implemented beneath the p -InGaN nanowire. The nanowires are doped n -type or p -type using silicon or magnesium, respectively. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the photocathode and the photoanodes were investigated separately using a cell with a three-electrode configuration in 1 mol/L HBr. A linear sweep voltammogram for n -InGaN/GaN photoanode was performed under both dark and illuminated conditions. The maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) measured at 1 V vs. Ag/AgCl for the n -InGaN/GaN photoanode is ~ 50% at 350 nm, while the maximum IPCE for p -InGaN/GaN photocathode (at -0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl) is ~ 65% at 350 nm. The IPCE shows a decreasing trend with increasing wavelength, limited by the effective light absorption of the nanowire structures. In the paired configuration, the incident light was split by using long- and short-pass optical filters. The parallel-connected photoanode was illuminated with light with wavelengths in the range of 300-480nm. The photocathode was illuminated with light with wavelengths of 485-600 nm. Using a two-electrode configuration, the photoanode was considered to be the working electrode, and the photocathode p -InGaN/GaN was connected as the counter electrode in 1 mol/L HCl. With this novel design, the power conversion efficiency in the range of 300-600 nm has been increased by nearly one order of magnitude, compared to efficiency of a single electrode. The maximum power conversion efficiency of this device can reach >5%. Work is currently in progress on the integration of InGaN nanowires with solar cells to achieve further increased efficiency for solar-to-hydrogen conversion.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».