Optimization of Hydraulic Fracturing Design with Future EOR Considerations in Shale Oil Reservoirs
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Nowadays, shale oil (SO) resources gain much attention in the oil industry world-wide. SO is classified as an unconventional resource and an optimal hydraulic fracturing (HF) design with future EOR consideration is essential for achieving a high oil production rate. However, people are still faced with many issues in HF optimization and EOR implementation associated with a significant increase in capital costs in SO development. To overcome the current challenges, maximizing the oil recovery and minimizing the future investment costs, this paper presents an HF optimization and comprehensive evaluation of EOR potential in SO reservoirs in terms of maximizing oil recovery and project revenue. We first address the key importance for achieving a successful HF design. Then, different development strategies for improving oil recovery including waterflooding, continuous gas flooding, and cycling gas flooding are systematically evaluated. Finally, HF design and EOR gas flooding are optimized through a robust procedure. Four parameters that strongly affect the SO production have been identified: matrix permeability, fracture half-length, fracture spacing and rock compressibility. Detailed analyses of these key factors are addressed to allow the design of optimal and practical HF strategies to maximize the oil recovery. The analysis show that an EOR application is crucial for improving the oil recovery factor in SO. Different development strategies including natural depletion, waterflooding, and EOR gas flooding are implemented. Among them, continuous gas injection after 20 years' primary production is proven as the most promising method to improve oil recovery in both technical and economical points of views. The critical effect of a hydraulically fracturing pattern is examined in this study and it is shown that oil recovery in an aligned fracturing pattern yields a superior performance (a higher oil rate and slower pressure depletion) than the one in a staggered fracturing pattern. Moreover, the distance between an injector and a producer is investigated to obtain the highest oil production and the lowest injection cost. To maximize the oil recovery, a series of physics-based optimizations have been performed for HF design and EOR gas operation by applying the DECE algorithm in a robust optimizer. After the optimization process, the ultimate oil recovery yeilds about 13.32% for no injection and 18.58% for gas injection. The optimal values are also documented in this paper as a guideline for future HF and EOR gas flooding in SO. One of the important contributions of this research is to present a development strategy for SO reservoirs, in which HF optimization with future EOR considerations significantly helps to address future technical challenges, investment costs, and project economy. The proposed approach can be effectively optimized for HF design and served as a guideline for investigating the EOR potential in unconventional reservoirs.
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Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».