The Middle English Cooking Recipes in New York Public Library Whitney MS 1
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
New York Public Library, Whitney MS 1 consists of fifteen vellum leaves and contains selection of Middle English cooking recipes written down in the first half of the fifteenth century, (1) probably c.1425. The first group of recipes on folios 1 12r, here called Cures (2) of Metis (The Cooking of Food), appears in other manuscripts under the title The Forme of Cury, that is, the (proper) Method of Cookery, (3) or more loosely, How Cook. (4) The collection as excerpted in the Whitney MS provides recipes for dishes running from Firmenty or frumenty, a dish of boiled, hulled wheat, resembling modern wheat porridge or pilaff, (5) through Puerate or peverade (later poivrade), pepper sauce for veal or venison. (6) Porridges and vegetarian pottages were the first courses served in medieval English aristocratic menus; accordingly The Forme of Cury begins with dozen recipes for such dishes. (7) The Whitney MS skips five of these (see note 6) but retains stewed turnips, herbs in broth, pottage of onions, pottage of squash (courgettes), rice in broth, and mushrooms and leeks in broth. (8) Only the frumenty is thickened with almond milk, according Constance Hieatt and Sharon Butler feature that from the East, either via Spain and/or Italy or as direct importations by returning Crusaders. (9) Heavier meat dishes came next on the menu and next in The Forme of Cury's recipes, beginning with various organ meats in broth, then preparations for veal, chicken and other fowl, kid, rabbit, hare, pork, mutton and lamb followed (after some more meatless dishes) by fish and seafood. (10) The meatless recipes include some for unexpectedly familiar dishes, including salad (field greens with oil and vinegar), ravioli, and macaroni and cheese. (11) According the headnote in one manuscript of The Forme of Cury, the recipe collection is organized so as first teach one to make commune potages and commune mettis for howshold as bey shold be made craftly and holsomely. Aftirward it techib for make potages & meetes and sotiltees for alle manere of states both hye and lowe (British Library, MS Additional 5016). (12) As Hieatt and Butler point out, (13) our modern practice of ending meal with dessert descends from this medieval practice of saving the delicacies (the curious and subtle dishes) for last, although medieval menus incorporated dainty savory dishes as well as sweet ones. The final section of The Forme of Cury, recipes numbers 153 205 as printed in Hieatt and Butler, presents recipes for the later courses, including fritters, tarts, custards and ending withypocras (modern hippocras) or spiced wine. (14) A number of the dishes in this final section are listed as appropriate for third courses in surviving medieval menus, such as menu for meat days printed as Menu 3 in Hieatt and Butler, (15) which lists as its third- and second-to-last items daryols (custard tarts, see Forme of Cury number 191) and flampoyntes (tartlets filled with ground pork, see Forme of Cury number 192). (16) Working back from this final section, we find Forme of Cury recipes number 151 and 152 are brief notes on roasting cranes and herons, then peacocks and partridges. (17) These more exotic fowl (along with woodcocks, plovers, larks, mallards, teal and snipe) were served as second and third courses on the menus printed in Hieatt and Butler, before the pastry dishes. (18) Prior these directions for roasting fowl, Forme of Cury recipes numbers 139 150 are all for sauces, from poivrade or pepper sauce (the final recipe in the Whitney MS selection contained on fols. 1-12r) through Lombard or honey-mustard sauce. (19) In order round off my bibliographical description thus far, I provide transcription followed by modern English translation of the first and last recipes from The Forme of Cury as contained in Whitney MS 1, fols. 1 and 12r: (20) [f. 1] Here begynnes [Cu]res of metis. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,473 | 0,133 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».