Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Charitable remainder trusts (CRTs) forfeit their tax-exempt status in any year in which they own interests in for-profit enterprises holding assets, under Internal Revenue Code (Code) Section 664(c). In three recent rulings, however, the Service has permitted CRTs to sidestep this bar, and invest indirectly in enterprises which use to acquire their assets. The Service's current position appears to be that, so long as the CRT is not invested directly in the debt-financing enterprise, but instead is invested in another entity which in turn invests in the debt-financing enterprise, and so long as there are plausible business reasons for this arrangement, the debt-financing will not trigger unrelated business income tax (UBIT) at the CRT level. In PLR 200252096, the Service ruled on a CRT which intends to form and fund a wholly-owned for-profit corporation, which in turn will invest in a for-profit LLC in the equipment leasing business which expects to use to pay part of its equipment acquisition costs. Stated business reasons for the arrangement included the shielding of the CRT from UBTI as to the debt-financed property acquisitions of the LLC. The Service approved of this arrangement, ruling that the CRT will not recognize UBTI in connection with the business. A more complex format was approved in PLRs 2002516016 - 018, in which a CRT is a limited partner in M partnership, which plans to create a foreign corporation, N; N in turn will acquire interests in a number of foreign funds, and borrow from third parties to finance its commitment to the funds. The business purposes of this arrangement were said to include: more flexibility in disposing of interests in the funds; insulating the CRT from fund liabilities; and sheltering the CRT from UBTI. The IRS ruled that the CRT will not recognize UBTI under this arrangement, as the income derived from the funds will be received as UBTI-exempt dividends. An even more complicated structure was approved in PLRs 200315028, 200315032, 200315034, and 200315035, in which four CRTs intend to create a foreign corporation which will purchase interests in US partnerships that use debt financing to acquire investment assets. Among the business purposes cited for this arrangement were the advantages of pooling the investment assets of the CRTs to help reduce costs and provide access to more investment opportunities. The Service ruled that the CRTs would not receive UBTI as a result of these investments and payments, as dividend income does not constitute UBTI. Why didn't the Service simply reject these indirect investments by the CRTs in enterprises using debt-financing, under the step transaction rules or similar doctrine? Perhaps the Service does not view UBTI in the CRT context as a very serious concern; in addition, the long-awaited CARE legislation would greatly soften the impact of UBTI on CRTs, which would not lose their exempt status altogether in years in which UBTI is recognized, but rather would simply pay tax on the UBTI component of their income.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,011 | 0,031 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,007 | 0,004 |
| Communication savante | 0,013 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,004 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,022 | 0,017 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,015 | 0,010 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».