Numerical Simulation of Granular Particles Moving in Fluid Flow
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
A coupled method between discontinuum and continuum approaches has been developed to simulate granular particles moving in a flowing fluid. The movement of granular particles is modeled using the discrete element method, while the finite volume scheme is used to simulate the fluid flow. The existence of granules in the flow region is assumed to cause a reduction in the amount of fluid flow in that region. The flowing fluid is expected to induce drag forces on the granules which are computed based on the relative velocities between the fluid and the particles. Buoyant forces on a particle are equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the particle. All forces acting on each individual particle are summed in determining the particle movement. An example is given to illustrate the possibility of the proposed method in simulating granular particles moving in a flowing fluid. The problem of modeling wet granular flow requires the solution of two major physical problems; granular material as discontinua and fluid as continua. The discrete element method or DEM, proposed by Cundall and Strack, conceives granular materials as the assemblage of distinct rigid particles. Particles can interact with each other or with a solid boundary only at contact points. By using the contact force-displacement law, the forces at the contact are related to the magnitude of the overlap between particles or between particle and a solid boundary. The displacements and velocities of each individual particle are calculated from the summation of all forces acting on the particle using Newton's Second Law of Motion. The movement histories of individual particles at each time-step are traced based on the force-displacement law and the Newton's Law. Various particle shapes can be used such as polygonal, elliptical, circular shape, etc. The circular shape is selected in this paper due to its simplicity. For the fluid computational part, fluid flow is modeled using a finite volume scheme. The flow field is divided into a finite number of subregions, called cell. The continuity and Navier-Stokes equations are both applied at each cell in the flow field. To couple the movement of particulate material into fluid flow, fluid/particle interactions must be taken into account. Cundall classified five types of fluid/particle interactions depending upon the situations. Babic' and Shen as well as Sun and Vinogradov considered drag forces as the interaction of fluid flow to solid particles. Chan simulated the wet granular flow by considering buoyant and drag forces as the interaction of fluid flow to particles; on the other hand, the interaction of particle to the fluid flow is represented by using the different permeability to control the flow volume. In this paper, drag and buoyant forces are included in the fluid/particle interaction. For interaction between granular particle and the flowing fluid, the existence of the solid particles will cause resistance to the flowing fluid, In essence, the discrete element method is used to track the particles movement and the location of the particles is taken into account in the continuum calculation of fluid flow by introducing local impedance. The continuum method obtains the position of granular particles, computes the flow velocity and pressure, and imposes a drag force on each particle for the DEM calculation.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».