Effects of Bi-Modal Waves on Overtopping: Application of UK and Dutch Prediction Methods
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Sometimes dike sections or seawalls are partially protected by low-crested structures up to one kilometre in front of these coastal defences and more than one kilometre in length. Wave energy may be transmitted over these low-crested structures or dams and waves can penetrate through various openings. These waves have periods similar to the wave periods of the incident waves. Local wave growth of shorter period waves may become important if some fetch is present between dam and coastal defence. Wave spectra in front of the dike sections are often therefore bi-modal. Also sea and swell and/or irregularly shaped wave generation areas may give rise to these bi-modal or double peaked spectra. Until now, little was known about their influence on required dike heights. A series of physical model studies (conducted at a nominal scale of 1:20) were undertaken by HR Wallingford for the Flood and Coastal Defence with Emergencies Division of the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF). The intention was to provide information on wave breaking behaviour and the impact of bi-modal wave conditions on beaches and coastal structures. This research was described by Coates et al. and by Hawkes et al. Wave conditions and wave overtopping were measured for two or three water levels over different bed slopes of 1:50, 1:20 and 1:10. During a project for the Dutch Public Works Department — IJsselmeer District, Alkyon and Infram studied wave-structure behaviour over low-crested dams and the effect of bi-modal seas on required dike heights. As a part of this project Infram visited HR Wallingford and used above research to establish a method for predicting wave overtopping with bi-modal seas for Dutch applications. The research was described (partly) by Van der Meer et al. At that time it was recognised that the wave and wave overtopping data measured by HR Wallingford would be interesting to the Dutch Public Works Department for several reasons as they are responsible for establishment of wave boundary conditions and guidelines for safety assessment of the Dutch coastal defences. The actual work consisted of four parts and was described in full depth in Van der Meer et al. 1) re-analysis ot approximately 200 wave flume runs to obtain various time and frequency domain parameters. This work was performed by HR Wallingford 2) validation of the SWAN-model and analysis of wave breaking formulations. This work was performed by Alkyon and Delft Hydraulics 3) validation ot a model on shallow wave height statistics by Delft Hydraulics and 4) further analysis on wave overtopping by uni- and bi-modal seas, performed by Infram in co-operation with Delft Hydraulics Only the latter part, the wave overtopping analysis, is the subject of this paper.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».