Prospects and challenges for sustainable sanitation in developed nations: a critical review
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Serious sanitation challenges are not confined to developing nations. Infrastructure costs, nutrient losses and related ubiquitous surface water impairments, energy demands, and sludge disposal problems have led many to question the long-term sustainability of conventional centralized sanitation in developed nations. Such concerns have resulted in the development of a body of literature and practices aimed at making sanitation more sustainable. This paper has two major aims: (i) provide a representative multidisciplinary (including engineering, natural sciences, and social sciences) synthesis of literature on sustainable sanitation in developed nations over the past 15 years, and (ii) raise consciousness of sustainable sanitation approaches in regions and disciplines where this area of inquiry has at least partly been neglected. Literature included in the review was identified by searching the ISI Web of Knowledge and by “mining” key review papers that already synthesized literature on topics such as ecological sanitation, excreta as fertilizer, and wastewater reuse. The sustainability challenges faced by conventional sanitation are discussed first, followed by a review of efforts in two major areas of sustainable sanitation: (i) incremental improvements to conventional centralized sanitation, and (ii) source separation and decentralization (SSD). Based on the literature review, there does not appear to be a perfect solution to the sanitation challenges (e.g., water use and pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient and micropollutant releases) faced by society. Compared with SSD, there is a much broader knowledge base on the construction, operation, and maintenance of conventional sanitation systems. And there are significant opportunities for incremental improvements (e.g., reduction of water, energy use), but also significant drawbacks such as the costs of maintaining ageing infrastructure and the mixing of domestic, storm, and industrial effluents. On the other hand, SSD is conceptually promising, and significant progress has been made over the last two decades in basic research and in exploring various SSD models. But SSD is still in its relative infancy: literature and pilot projects are regionally limited and significant logistical, behavioral, regulatory, and other challenges remain. Contributions that meaningfully address sanitation “software” or social perspectives are, therefore, urgently needed from social science fields including economics, policy, and behavioral psychology. Progress toward achieving sustainable sanitation can be aided by addressing four major areas: (i) defining sustainability goals and benchmarks, (ii) raising societal awareness of sanitation problems, (iii) broadening the societal and geographical scope of the research, and (iv) more thoroughly exploring barriers to adapting or changing sanitation systems.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,007 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,008 | 0,010 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,006 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».