Trade protectionism and industrial decline : a hegemonic analysis of U.S. auto trade policy toward Canada during the postwar period
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This study tests the contention of the hegemonic stability theory that trade protectionism follows industrial decline of a hegemonic country, citing examples from the U.S. foreign policy toward Canada in automotive trade during the postwar period. Superior economic power of the United States enabled the country to take leadership for more than a decade after the Second World War to create world order and a liberal economic system exemplified in free trade. Since around 1970s, however, decline of the U.S. economic and industrial power has been observed, particularly in the field of automotive industry. Statistical data presented in this thesis showed the growing penetration of the U.S. market for automobiles by foreign manufacturers and the stagnant grow thin the U.S. domestic production of automobiles, representing the decline of U.S. competitiveness in this industry. Moreover, a problem of Japanese auto exports to the United States were brought forth in the 1980s and resulted in trade friction between the United States and Japan, which caused mounting protectionistic sway in the U.S. Congress against the Japanese auto industry. A comparison of the two case studies conducted in this thesis showed the shift occurred in U.S. foreign trade policy toward Canada as the U.S. competitiveness in auto industry declined and the external environment changed (such as the emergence of Japan as a major auto exporter). The first case study deals with the Auto Pact of 1965, a sectoral free trade agreement between the United States and Canada. Considering that the Auto Pact resulted from a unilateral Canadian effort to regain trade balance with the United States by increasing its production and exports of automobiles and that the Auto Pact contains substantial safeguard to the Canadian auto industry, it may be concluded that the U.S. policy in this case was generous to Canada, tolerating Canada's protectionism at the time in order to achieve a freer trade and reciprocity in the future. The second case study deals with the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, focusing on the automotive trade aspect of the agreement. Contrary to the previous Auto Pact, the U.S. policy toward Canada which was examined in this example seemed to have become increasingly protectionistic and self-centred. This policy shift is observed in such aspect as the termination of the Canadian safeguard, introduction of tougher North American content requirement and limiting the Auto Pact to the original member manufacturers back in the 1960s. Therefore, in conclusion, this thesis upholds the theoretical contention of the behaviour of a declining hegemon, such as growing protectionism, with respect to the case of U.S. automotive industry.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,004 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,013 | 0,008 |
| Communication savante | 0,006 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».