Going Underbalanced in Unconventional Reservoirs
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Résumé
For the past quarter of a century, underbalanced drilling (UBD) has been a niche technology known to many and practiced by few. It has seen acceptance in the North Sea, where UBD is used to drill through depleted reservoirs. In the Middle East and North Africa, it has been recognized as the only economic way to reach total depth through ultrahard carbonates. And in recent years, UBD has started to show promise as a way to drill horizontal wells in tight rock and shale plays in the United States. However, the technology has not reached full acceptance. Part of the issue is that the drivers behind UBD’s use have been as heterogeneous as the unconventional formations that companies are using it in. In heavily fractured formations, users say the underbalanced method makes horizontal drilling easier and reduces mud costs by eliminating loss of circulation problems. This also tends to result in less rig time per well as it increases the rate of penetration (ROP). Rather than use UBD in the production section, some unconventional operators only use it for tophole drilling and then go overbalanced before reaching the reservoir. In optimal cases where UBD is used in the pay zone, enough oil can be produced and sold while drilling underbalanced that it can cover the entire cost of the drilling operation and then some. Shell has put its full weight behind the technology after using it to reduce drilling costs and nonproductive time (NPT) during the exploration and appraisal phases of all of its unconventional programs, which span the world from China to Canada, said Keith Smelker, a well engineer at Shell. “The reason why leadership is very bullish on the technology is because we have seen a lot of performance improvements from it,” he said. Those improvements include speeding up exploration drilling in some areas by as many as 15.days. Before starting each of its unconventional programs, Shell engineers evaluate the applicability of going underbalanced and more often than not, they decide to do so. Smelker estimated that the company used UBD on as much as 85% of the unconventional wells it drilled last year.
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Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
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Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle