AC Enigma: Using Opportunistic Sampling to Assess Asbestos-Cement Water Main Performance in Winnipeg
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
With a population of over 680,000 people, the City of Winnipeg is the eighth largest city in Canada. To support this user base the City maintains an inventory of over 2,900 km of water mains, consisting of cast iron (∼30 %), asbestos cement (∼27 %), PVC (∼33 %), and prestressed concrete pressure pipe (∼5 %). Historically, the City focused its investment on the replacement and cathodic protection of cast iron mains, which due to highly corrosive soils had experienced extreme deterioration. Consequently, very little was known about the condition of its remaining system, leaving the City exposed to risk and uncertainty over coming planning horizons. Wishing to improve its understanding of material performance and ability to target current and future water system investments, the City worked with UMA Engineering Ltd. to undertake a Water Main Criticality Assessment Study. One component of this project was to undertake an assessment of the City's asbestos-cement (AC) water main inventory. Winnipeg's first AC water mains were installed in 1932, at a time when AC pipe was being introduced to North American markets. Early studies found that they performed well in Winnipeg's aggressive soils, which resulted in widespread adoption and use of AC within the city until the early 1980s. While some work was done to assess the impact of water chemistry on internal pipe wall degradation, very little was known about the long-term performance of the lines, and the risk and liability they might pose. Seeing to address these concerns, an AC Sampling and Testing Program was developed and introduced. Under the AC Sampling and Testing Program, pipe segments were collected opportunistically from in-service water mains throughout the city and subjected to an array of destructive and non-destructive test procedures. Data was collected and analyzed to assess the current risk posed by the City's AC inventory, and to extrapolate long-range system performance. This paper reviews techniques used in the collection and testing of pipe samples, presents findings from the analysis of current and long-term performance, and discusses the challenges faced in introducing a standardized AC sample collection and testing program in the City of Winnipeg.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».