Governance, harmonisation, & genetics: The world anti‐doping agency & its European connections
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Résumé
Abstract This paper documents the political positioning of Europe in relation to anti‐doping initiatives generally and the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) specifically to better understand the status of anti‐doping in world sport and the possibility for managing the so‐called drug war in sport. The paper begins by detailing the historical context of WADA and its relationship to the EU. In so doing, it is revealed that the interest in contemporary anti‐doping discourse for harmonisation is made problematic by enduring differences between the two organisations. The EU has withdrawn its funding of WADA on the basis of unsatisfactory conditions relating to budget transparency and the political position of WADA One of the major points of contention is the question about WADA's independence from the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Despite having moved from Lausanne (Switzerland) to Montreal (Canada), WADA remains embroiled in IOC structures, continuing with 50% of its budget coming from the IOC. As well, WADA is chaired by controversial IOC figurehead Richard Pound, whose background is very much embroiled in Olympic politics. With some uncertainty about the depth of IOC reforms, coupled with Richard Pound not having attained the IOC Presidency, and Canada not receiving the 2008 Olympic Summer Games, the political context of WADA remains uncertain and to the dissatisfaction of the EU. This is fundamentally problematic from the perspective of harmonising anti‐doping policy and from the general efforts of anti‐doping policy makers. A further basis for arguing why these circumstances are unsatisfactory for the EU is recognised by considering emerging methods of doping, specifically genetic manipulation. It is argued that the EU and governmental organisations in general cannot hold fast to the approaches of anti‐doping agencies such as WADA This is because their approaches to solving the drug problem in sport are not premised upon the protection of individuals, which are guiding principles in the EU and other governmental organisations. WADA's commitment to prioritising the values of fair play and other sporting values does not fit with the way in which non‐sporting drug policies are formulated which, instead, focus upon the broader medical priorities implicated by drugs. As new kinds of doping emerge in genetics, the role of sports ethics is less of a priority and this must be built into the way in which anti‐doping is approached by WADA For this reason, it is concluded that the EU and other inter-governmental organisations, much more than WADA, are better placed to respond to the greater need for harmonising policies and for addressing emerging technologies. While it is appealing to have a world antl-doping organisation, Its success relies heavily upon the unity of nations, governmental management, broader biomedical ethical considerations, and the ability to remove sport from the equation. On this level, harmonisation responds to much more than to antl-doping policy. It involves a harmonisation of broader medical policies in relation to drugs, genetics, and the policing of them. However, there is a danger that ethical discussions will still be subservient to policy decisions, where the ethical conclusions have already been made.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,010 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle