Evaluation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Measurement Methods for Assessing Oil Contamination in Soil
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Résumé
Abstract The most commonly used total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) analysis method measures petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in soil by carbon range that can be detected by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID). Different cleanup procedures have been performed for removing some naturally occurring organics from petrogenic hydrocarbons prior to GC/FID analysis. To evaluate the different pre-treatment methods, more than 60 samples (including background soil and plant samples, as well as oil contaminated soil samples) were sampled from 2008 to 2010 in Canada. TPH values without cleanup (TPH-T), with column cleanup (TPH-F 3) and with in-situ cleanup (TPH-F) were compared to evaluate the effects of different pre-treatment methods on the TPH analysis values. Different total solvent extractable materials (TSEM) loading amounts were applied for in-situ silica gel cleanup method to evaluate the effect of the TSEM loading amount on the measured TPH-F values. The column cleanup method was evaluated by comparing the representative polar biogenic organic compounds (BOCs) and TPH in polar fraction (designated as TPH-F 4). Qualitatively, cleanup procedures removed most of the BOCs for background samples with high content of BOCs, but the GC/FID chromatograms did not show significant alteration for samples with heavy oil contamination. The quantified TPH-T, TPH-F 3 and TPH-F showed good agreement for oil contaminated samples, even though the loading dosage exceeded the maximum TSEM limits of silica gel (16.7 mg TSEM on per gram silica gel). For background samples, the measured TPH values were ranked as: TPH-T > TPH-F > TPH-F 3 when the TSEM loading amount exceeded 16.7 mg/g of silica gel, but no obvious difference was observed when the TSEM loading amount was less than 16.7 mg/g. Therefore, the TSEM loading capacity played an important role for the cleanup of background samples. The comparison of the measured TPH-T and TPH-F 3 obtained from background soil and plant samples did not show an obvious relationship, thus TPH values of soil samples can not be replaced by those from plants grown in the soil sampled area. The evaluation of column cleanup method showed that this method can effectively remove most of the BOCs, but the removal of the hydrocarbons which contribute to the measured TPH-F 3 can be negligible. Keywords: total petroleum hydrocarbons, column cleanup, in-situ cleanupwithout cleanupmeasurement method[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to publisher's online edition of Environmental Forensics to view the free supplementary files.] Acknowledgements This work was funded and supported by the Program of Energy Research and Development (PERD), the Scientific Fund from State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (12ZNZ003), the Natural Science Foundation of South-Central University for Nationalities (YCZZ11006), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, South-Central University for Nationalities (CZZ11006), and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2012ZX07503-003-002). Thanks to the ALS laboratories (Waterloo, Canada) for the sample extraction support.
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