Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Geomagnetic disturbances may impact the operational reliability of electric power systems. Solar Cycle 22 (the most recent solar cycle extending from 1986-1996) demonstrated to the power industry the need to take into consideration the potential impacts of geomagnetic storms. Experience gained from the unprecedented scale of these recent storm events provides compelling evidence of a general increase in electric power system susceptibility. Important infrastructure advances have recently been put in place that provide solar wind data. This new data source along with numeric model advances allows the capability for predictive forecasts of severe storm conditions, which can be used by impacted power system operators to better prepare for and manage storm impacts. 1. POWER GRIDS AND SPACE WEATHER AN OVERVIEW Society reliance on electricity for meeting essential needs has steadily increased for many years. This unique energy service requires coordination of electrical supply, demand, and delivery—all occurring at the same instant. Geomagnetic storms can disrupt these complex power grids. The interaction of local geomagnetic field disturbances with terrestrial systems can result in the flow of induced currents on these systems. Geomagnetically-induced currents (GIC) can flow through the power system, entering and exiting the many grounding points on a transmission network. GICs are produced when shocks resulting from sudden and severe magnetic storms subject portions of the Earth's surface to fluctuations in the planet's Figure 1. Exposed Regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The footprints of a superstorm can be extensive; the above diagram shows regions of the Northern Hemisphere that can be exposed to intense storm activity such as the Great Geomagnetic Storm of March 1989. For perspective, the level of storm severity that precipitated the Hydro Quebec collapse (—400 nT/min) was observed at locations as far south as Bay St Louis and would map along geomagnetic latitudes for different time onsets around the world, which would encompass most of North America and Europe. Much stronger intensities were observed at more northerly locations, these intensities are approximately 5 times more severe (2000 nT/min) than the levels that triggered the Hydro Quebec collapse. Levels at one-half the intensity of those that triggered the Hydro Quebec collapse (200 nT/min) have also shown capable of causing power reliability problems which for this storm extended to even lower latitudes. Copyright © 2000 by Metatech. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. with permission.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».