Comparison of Different Methods To Determine the Surface Wettability of Fine Solids Isolated from Alberta Oil Sands
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The wettability of fine solids in Alberta oil sands is one of the most important factors affecting nonaqueous bitumen extraction and subsequent solvent recovery from the extraction gangue. However, there is some controversy as to which method is most suitable for wettability determination of fine solids isolated from the oil sands. In this paper, four different methods—i.e., particle partition, static sessile drop contact angle coupled with penetration time, Washburn capillary rise, and film flotation—were investigated and compared in order to determine suitable methods to examine the wettability of these fine solids. Two model samples, high-purity kaolinite (hydrophilic) and bitumen-treated kaolinite (hydrophobic), were used to investigate the suitability of the above four methods. These methods were then used to measure the surface wettability of fine solids isolated from the oil sands (marine clay) after toluene extraction, either untreated or heated at 400 °C for 2 h. The results showed that the Washburn capillary rise method was not applicable. In addition, the particle partition and static sessile drop contact angle coupled with penetration time methods had some deficiencies and were not very suitable to determine the wettability of fine solids isolated from the oil sands. The film flotation method was determined to be the most appropriate method, because (i) it was sufficiently sensitive to distinguish solid surface hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity; (ii) it could quantify the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, based on the measured “mean critical surface tension”; and (iii) it could be used to determine the surface heterogeneity of the solids, based on the standard deviation of the measurements. By using the film flotation method, the mean critical surface tensions of fine solids was >68.1 mN/m, while that of the heat-treated solids was >72.0 mN/m, and the standard deviation of the critical surface tensions of the floating particles (0–25.9 wt %) for fine solids was 40.5 mN/m, which indicated that heat treatment caused the fine solids to become more hydrophilic and the hydrophobicity of the fine solids was heterogeneous. In addition to direct application of the four standard methods, we have further developed the methods and gained some new insights into them.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».