Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The first Director of the Appellate Body Secretariat examines functioning of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body in its first few years. Overall, she finds that the Appellate Body has been functioning remarkably well, and this is reflected in the lack of proposals for its reform. She does not believe that it is absolutely necessary for there to be major amendments to the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), at the time of the writing of this article, to reform or improve the Appellate Body. If there is to be any discussion of possible modifications, for example, in the number of Appellate Body Members, the author suggests that the whole question of the terms and conditions of appointment of Appellate Body Members should be given very careful scrutiny first before embarking upon any incremental reforms of any particular aspects. It is perhaps time to begin a general review of the whole package of terms and conditions of appointment of Appellate Body Members, including their compensation, benefits, working conditions, etc. In the author’s view, there would be significant benefit in dealing with all of these issues in an integrated manner.The most important reform for the Appellate Body, in the author’s view, would be to ‘‘professionalize’’ the panel process. Here, she would encourage not only establishing a permanent standing panel body, with terms and conditions that will ensure the utmost independence, integrity and impartiality of panellists, and with an independent staff or secretariat. The entire WTO dispute settlement system could only benefit from a reform of the panel system. Finally, in whatever deliberations and discussions WTO Members have about reform and improvement of the panels and the Appellate Body, it is extremely important to always be guided by two fundamental principles: impartiality and independence. Each and every proposal should be assessed and measured by how it serves to protect and promote the utmost in impartiality and independence of the adjudicators in the WTO dispute settlement system. Other goals, such as how to promote consistency, coherence and continuity, are also important, but nothing is as important as maintaining impartiality and independence. A dispute settlement system designed with those principles and objectives in mind will help to ensure the legitimacy of the WTO.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».