"Internation-Alization" and the Conservation of Canada's Boreal Ecosystems*
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Over the past decade, students of domestic public policy have increasingly turned their attention outwards, incorporating analysis of various facets of globalization and internationalization into their accounts of the factors shaping policy processes and outcomes. Scholarship at the junction between comparative public policy and international relations has expanded rapidly, with early generalizations about the importance of attending to extra-territorial influences now beginning to spawn debate over how, and under what conditions, these influences make a difference. This paper explores one important contribution of these debates. It uses Bernstein and Cashore's delineation of pathways of non-domestic influence as a framework for examining the forces influencing the policies and practices that are shaping the fate of Canada's vast boreal forest region. Exploring what they call internationalization (the increased activities and influence of actors, ideas and institutions from beyond state borders (1)), Bernstein and Cashore seek to demonstrate the utility of distinguishing four pathways of external influence on domestic policy: of the global market; international rules and regulations; changes in international normative discourse; and infiltration of the domestic policy-making process. (2) We will use the boreal case to test the potential of the Bernstein and Cashore framework. Our reflections focus on two primary questions. First, are the framework's core distinctions clearcut and useful? Second, is the framework comprehensive enough to capture the range of ways in which non-domestic forces operate, or should additional pathways be delineated? These reflections on the validity and comprehensiveness of the Bernstein and Cashore model will, we hope, contribute to refinement of theory on the impacts of international factors on domestic policy processes and outcomes. In addition, our examination of the fit between the framework and the case should enhance our understanding of the conditions under which transnational forces influence Canadian environmental policy processes. More specifically, this analysis will help us assess whether, in the years ahead, Canada's federal and provincial governments are likely to address threats to boreal ecosystems. Our account, we should emphasize, represents only a preliminary sketch of a story in its early stages. It will be some time before we will be in a position to gauge the impacts of the various forces shaping the fate of the boreal environment. I. THE THREATENED BOREAL Canada's boreal region covers about two million square miles, (3) accounting for over 50 per cent of Canada's land mass. The Canadian boreal represents about one-third of the global boreal zone, about one-half of which is in Russia with the remainder in Alaska and the Scandinavian nations. (4) Canada's portion of the boreal contains one-quarter of the world's remaining large intact forests, (5) with most of these frontier forests in the northern sections of the boreal. (6) Wetlands, including an estimated 1.5 million lakes and some of Canada's largest river systems, cover about one-third of the area. (7) The Canadian boreal is threatened by industrial development, agricultural expansion, and climate change. Organizations working to conserve boreal ecosystems frequently remind their audiences that significant knowledge gaps continue to hinder attempts to develop a complete picture of the scope and ecological impacts of these threats. Some facts concerning the boreal continue to be in dispute. A clear picture of stressed ecosystems does, nonetheless, emerge from the work of a diverse array of credible scientific authorities. Andrew Nikiforuk offers this assessment, citing the warnings of freshwater ecologist David Schindler, one of Canada's most honored scientists: An industrial assault on the boreal, combined with a cascade of stressors from acid rain to climate change, is now degrading the forest so quickly that only a few northerly parts may survive intact as isolated parks. …
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».