THE CONCEPT OF <em>COMMERCIUM</em> IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
During their conquest of Italy the Romans devised various legal instruments to regulate their relations with people who did not possess Roman citizenship. One of the issues which needed regulation was trade: to protect the interests of merchants, laws had to be formulated which enabled trade between people from different political entities. Roman laws dealing with international trade developed over time as Rome’s empire expanded, and with it international trade between her citizens and those of other states. It is often assumed that the main instrument devised by the Romans to regulate trade with peregrini—a term which included Latin and Italian allies, as well as other non-citizens (see below, 403–406)—was the ius commercii, which might be translated literally as “right to trade.” It should be noted that the phrase ius commercii actually appears only rarely; commercium is used much more often. It is usually assumed that commercium was a right which could be granted to non-citizens, and which permitted them the use of certain legal instruments related to trade, otherwise only available to citizens. However, the origin of this right as a legal concept, the legal status it conferred onto its recipients, and the extent to which it was granted to peregrini are all issues which remain unclear. The sources for commercium mostly date from the late republican and imperial period, from Cicero and Livy to Gaius and the Digest. However, many theories on commercium are based on sources purporting to describe very early Roman history. This causes the argument to become circular: scholars attempt to combine later, mostly imperial, sources with the limited information available for the early republic, which is also mostly found in later sources, such as Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The current theories on commercium therefore give a false picture of continuity and rigidity, and ignore the development of trade relations under the republic and the flexibility of Roman law. In this article I will investigate one commonly held belief among modern scholars, namely that commercium was essential for trade between Romans and peregrini. Commercium is often defined as the right to conclude contracts with Romans which could be upheld in Roman courts of law. Sherwin-White, for
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,014 |
| Communication savante | 0,006 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».