Special Issue: Evaluation of the Performance of ImplantsGuest Editors: Markad V. Kamath & Adrian R. UptonPreface: Evaluation of the Performance of Implants
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Evaluation of the Performance of ImplantsImplantation technology has reduced our pain, as well as made us live longer and have healthier lives, through engineering design and production of replacement parts, or through other novel procedures such as modification of natural grafts or tissue engineering and regenerative medicine using stem cell engineering.While pacemakers, heart valves, and bone implants have been recognized as viable therapies for some time, implants for cochlear malfunction, intraocular therapy, and left ventricular assist devices have achieved critical mass only recently for them to be claimed as mainstream therapy.Additional paradigms that are now a part of the physician's tool kit include devices for targeted drug delivery, regenerative therapy using stem cells, and continuous monitoring of the body's internal physiological variables, just to name a few.In this context, the role of engineers in better designing and developing novel and viable devices places them under greater scrutiny.Also, there is a need to study and document limitations and deficiencies of all existing implants so as to improve their performance and efficacy with the next generation of implantable devices.Performance metrics have to be adjusted upward regularly based on experience.In this issue of the journal, a paper by Lodder et al. reviews how efficacies of different implanted devices have been measured.Specific devices that augment the function of eyes, cochlea, and left ventricle and modulate glucose are examined with a view toward understanding their efficacy.Cardiac electronic devices have been implanted in millions of patients with extraordinary success.Primarily, implantable cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators fall into this category.Drs.Bennett and Tung describe these devices, including their components and how they function, in their paper.Failure can take place in any one of the components of the device such as the battery, electrical waveform generator circuitry, leads, insulation, and dislodgement of leads.In addition, Drs.Bennett and Tung identify several common failure mechanisms of cardiac electronic devices and their clinical manifestations.They also provide clinical guidelines for the physician for therapeutic interventions.One of the modes of failure is through infection of cardiac electronic devices, an issue that is receiving increasing attention.Dr. Margey documents the epidemiology, causes, pathogenesis, management, and outcomes of cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infections and also presents an algorithm that can be used for dealing with such infections.While stem cell therapy is the most modern entry into the world of implants, its potential for ameliorating a number of diseases is being unravelled at a very rapid rate.Stem cells have graduated from being a research curiosity to providing therapeutic alternatives in a relatively short time span.An extensive review of stem cell sources and their clinical applications, along with an up-to-date bibliography, is provided by Mr. Mankikar.The variety of sources of stem cells makes it relatively straightforward to harvest and process them, whether it is for animal-based research or for treating human diseases, within the ethical and legal boundaries that the present day society places on the scientific community.Vagal nerve stimulation has been employed for controlling drug-resistant epilepsy since the early 1980s.More recent applications include treatment of clinical depression, Alzheimer's disease, pain, and autism among others.These are explored in this issue in a review by Kamath et al.The efficacy of vagal nerve pacing has been evaluated both in the short and the longer term by a large number of researchers.While epileptic seizures were reduced by as much as 50% and the treatment was deemed safe, it did not result in total cessation of seizures in a large number of patients.Further studies are underway to evaluate the vagal pacemaking over the longer term in several pathological conditions.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,009 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,022 | 0,012 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».