A mega-event inside the Great Wall of China: expectations and possible impacts of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction November 25th, 1892, in main lecture theatre of Sorbonne, on occasion of fiftieth anniversary of Athletic Sports Union, Baron Pierre de Coubertin put forward a proposition which came as a surprise to everyone: revival of Greek Olympic Games. Two years later, on June 16th, 1894, also at Sorbonne, it was officially decided to revive Olympic Games. In 1896 first modern Olympic Games were opened. Callebart (1998: 555) Olympic Games are, in dimension, exposure and international participation, one of biggest events in world today. It is therefore understandable that a lot of expectations are placed on Olympiads and on its legacy, since Games are associated with peace and progressive development of links between countries and individuals: 'One World, One Dream'. Olympic Games have recognised economic, social and cultural impacts, identical to impacts associated with tourism (Lee, Var & Baline, 1996). Olympics can be considered a catalyst of change (May, 1995) and, following world agenda international trends, climate change, global warming, sustainable sources of energy, environmental friendly products and production processes, recycling and pollution reduction are issues that naturally built expectations on Olympic legacy of a better world. However, past experience shows that impacts of mega-events are not all positive and, considering that impacts' forces are associated with magnitude of event, effects have also a high negative potential. This article will explore expectations and possible impacts of Olympic Games with a focus on Beijing Olympiad. initial comparison of positive and negative impacts of event will be followed by specific comments on economic impacts, international influence impacts and environmental impacts. Expectations and possible impacts of Beijing Olympic Games The impact of holding Games is far greater than simply 17 days of Games themselves. Cochrane, Peck, Tickell (1996:1328) On July 13th, 2001, in Moscow, from a final set of candidate cities including Istanbul, Osaka, Paris and Toronto, Beijing was selected by International Olympic Committee to host Olympic Games. first and perhaps most important impact of edition of Olympic Games was turning eyes of whole world to China. is now changing fast, assuming an important position in world. Although no one really does know what will happen next in China (Wasserstrom, 2002: 128) fact is that world is now more interested in than ever before, and Beijing Olympic Games are a major factor of that world wide interest. In words of President of International Olympic Committee: the world will come to know more intimately after country opens itself to welcome global community in 2008 (Rogge, 2003: 18). Hosting Olympiad implies recognition of a country's high level of organizing capacity and economic resources and Beijing Olympics is a clear sign of importance of to world economy (Preuss, 2004) and a matter of national pride (Singh & Hu, in press). Beijing Olympic Games can be understood as a catalyst of change processes undergoing in (Theodoraki, 2004), but if event represents a unique opportunity, it is also associated with potential risks and negative outcomes. Figure 1 presents a summary of positive and negative impacts of Olympic Games based on a literature review. One possible analysis of this summary can isolate three different categories of impacts: (1) economic impacts; (2) international influence impacts; and (3) environmental impacts. These three categories of impacts will have a positive and a negative potential representing opportunities or risks to organizers and citizens of cities or country hosting Games. …
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».