Investigation of rifle marksmanship on simulated targets during thermal discomfort.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
BACKGROUND: Marksmanship has been reported to deteriorate during exposure to heat or cold, yet the effect of the resultant thermal strain in isolation of the inflicting thermal stress is not entirely clear. In most studies, the debilitating effects on marksmanship are confounded by an evolving thermal strain (in terms of body heat storage/debt). HYPOTHESIS: Thermal strain (hot and cold) should degrade marksmanship, more with moving targets than with conventional pop-up targets that are deemed less challenging. METHODS: The 12 rifle-trained military reservists (7 men and 5 women) were tested on their marksmanship skills using a small arms simulator. Subjects conducted three trials in an environmentally controlled chamber, 1 wk apart in a counter-balanced order. Trial conditions were neutral (N; 22 degrees C), hot (H; 35 degrees C), and cold (C; 5 degrees C), and all were preceded with an immersion in water to chest level to establish thermal strain (for H and C) or to maintain thermal neutrality prior to shooting. Subjects fired a C7 rifle at various targets during sixteen 5-min engagements over 2 h. Targets were presented either as moving in an urban setting or as pop-ups in a lane setting. Body temperatures, heart rate, saliva cortisol concentration, subjective ratings, and measures of marksmanship accuracy and precision were recorded and analyzed using a repeated measures design. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD of the rectal temperature during the shooting were 36.9 +/- 0.2 degrees C, 37.7 +/- 0.3 degrees C, and 36.8 +/- 0.6 degrees C for N, H, and C, respectively (H > N, C). Corresponding hand temperatures were 31.5 +/- 1.2 degrees C, 35.2 +/- 0.7 degrees C, and 19.4 +/- 3.0 degrees C (H > N > C). These body temperatures were consistent with the subjective indices of heat illness, cold discomfort, and muscle discomfort. Cortisol concentration and perceived exertion were higher during H. Surprisingly, thermal strain did not degrade marksmanship. Instead, some aspects of precision (horizontal displacement) and accuracy (shooting error) were poorer during N compared with H and C. CONCLUSIONS: Deep body temperatures not higher than approximately 37.9 degrees C and not less than 36.4 degrees C (accompanied by hand temperatures of not less than 19 degrees C) do not negatively affect rifle marksmanship performance, even if significant respective sensations of heat and cold are present.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».