Factors Controlling Fluid Migration and Distribution in the Eagle Ford Shale
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Summary Production of shale and tight oil is the cornerstone of the United States race for energy independence. According to the US Energy Information Administration, approximately 90% of the oil-production growth comes from six tight-oil plays. The Eagle Ford is one of these plays, and it accounts for 33% of the oil-production growth with a contribution of 1.3 million B/D. This is outstanding. However, oil recoveries as a percentage of the original oil in place (OOIP) are extremely low. This must be improved. A geological challenge in the Eagle Ford shale is the understanding of unconventional fluids distribution over geologic time: Shallower in the structure, there is black oil; deeper and to the south; condensate appears; and at the bottom, dry gas can be found. Differences in burial depth, temperature, and vitrinite reflectance are used to explain this unique distribution. A similar fluid distribution occurs in other unconventional reservoirs (e.g., Duvernay shale in Canada). The low oil recovery and the unusual distribution of fluids led to the key objective of this paper—to identify the main factors that control fluid migration (caused by buoyancy of gas in oil) from one zone to another through geologic time. This was performed by constructing a conceptual cross-sectional compositional simulation model with northwest/southeast orientation that allowed the study of fluid migration, fluid distribution, and fluid contacts throughout 1 million years while maintaining computational time within reasonable limits. The controlling parameters studied were porosity, permeability, pore-throat aperture (rp35), and spacing between natural fractures. Results show that fluids in the matrix remained with approximately the same original distribution (i.e., approximately the same dry-gas/condensate contact and approximately the same condensate/oil contact). These fluids are the target of an ongoing research project with the ultimate goal of improving oil recovery from tight reservoirs by means of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) (Fragoso et al. 2015). There is, however, some gas migration through natural fractures to the top of the structure. This migration is interpreted in this study to be responsible for higher initial gas production in some oil wells in the top of the structure. Some operators indicate, however, that rapid gas/oil-ratio increases in the updip oil region are the result of low reservoir pressures and the rapid onset of two-phase flow. It would probably take geochemical evidence to support this conclusion.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».