Iazyk Russkogo Zarubezh'ia: Obshchie Protsessy I Rechevye Portrety

E.A. Zemskaia ed., Iazyk russkogo zarubezh'ia: Obshchie protsessy i rechevye portrety. Moskva-Wien: RAN: Institut russkogo iazyka im V.V. Vinogradova, Iazyki Slavianskoi kul'tury/Wiener Slawistischer Almanach (Sonderband 53), 2001, 492 pp. cloth.Elena Zemskaia makes a major contribution to the growing body of research on the fate of the Russian language in emigration with her latest book. Those who are familiar with Zemskaia's work will not be surprised to learn that her most recent offering features keen observational analysis and a wealth of invaluable linguistic data. This current work edited by Zemskaia, containing sections by M.A. Glovinskaia and M.A. Bobrik, examines the language of Russian emigres in five countries, Italy, Germany, USA, France, and Finland, across four waves of emigration.Language can be defined a number of different ways. In studies of language in emigration it is often used as a generic term for language attrition exhibited both by individuals over time and for intergenerational loss, language shift or loss exhibited by successive generations of emigres. Zemskaia looks at both types of loss, but she is also interested in the success stories. Her stated aim is to uncover forces at work in the spoken and written language of the Russian diaspora with a specific emphasis on factors fostering language preservation.Zemskaia presents a wealth of detail about language attrition and preservation, much of it in the form of samples from interviews and written material which were the basis of the study. The book features lengthy samples of transcripts and excerpts from correspondence and family archives. Several chapters provide examples and analysis of the language of successive members of the same family. These samples would be useful to anyone interested in the Russian diaspora, including those more interested in sociological aspects of emigration.Zemskaia avoids some potential pitfalls of language attrition studies. She stresses in her introduction that she limited her sample pool to Russian speakers and their offspring originally from the Russian Federation. She criticizes studies of loss that draw data from emigres from the non-Russian former republics of the Soviet Union, as many of them were never fully proficient native speakers of Russian. Thus Zemskaia avoids the trap of evaluating those who never fully acquired Russian as exhibiting loss. Another complex aspect of diaspora studies is distinguishing language attrition, loss of language, from language shift, the increasing interference of the lingua franca of the country of residence. Zemskaia's analysis of language is methodical and systematic in this regard, separating out evidence of language shift.Zemskaia begins her discussion by defining four waves of emigration. The first wave occurred after the 1917 revolution; the Second World War motivated wave two; the third wave occurred in the 1970s; the fourth wave took place at the end of the 1980s. She continues with a brief overview of the linguistic features of the speech of each wave. …

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