Constituting Global Leadership: Which Countries Need to Be Around the Summit Table for Climate Change and Energy Security?
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
THERE IS GROWING CONSENSUS THAT THE G8 WILL BE REPLACED BY THE G-20 as the key informal body that meets at the leaders' level. Whether it focuses on setting agendas, breaking deadlocks, or being friends of reform, there will continue to be controversy regarding its composition. Why? Because there is no axiomatic or correct way to choose the countries to constitute the summit table for global negotiations. (1) Various criteria provide guidance, such as total population, economic weight and power, leadership in science and technology, cultural reach, the capacity to introduce new ideas, and the desire to lead. Regional weight is a possible factor. Capacity and willingness to burden share are other criteria. Internal national credibility and political will are other measures. Given that battles are first won on the domestic front, can a country arrange its own compliance? Some might argue that agreement is easier with other like-minded countries that have the same values, but legitimacy requires the group to be representational as well as effective. For example, a recent paper (2) examined two variables as a guide to a representational and effective [G-20.sup.3]--GDP and population--listing countries that would have more than 2 percent of either global population or world GDP and arguing that those with the most economic activity and largest populations must be included (Table 1). Table 1 and subsequent tables rank countries by the magnitude of the measure being considered and highlight current membership in the G-20. Table 1 GDP or Population Greater Than 2 Percent of Earth's Total 2008 2020 Bangladesh Bangladesh BRAZIL BRAZIL CANADA CHINA CHINA FRANCE FRANCE GERMANY GERMANY INDIA INDIA INDONESIA INDONESIA ITALY ITALY JAPAN JAPAN Nigeria Nigeria Pakistan Pakistan Russia Russia Spain Spain UNITED KINGDOM UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES UNITED STATES Total: 16 Total: 15 GDP:72% GDP:66% Population:65% Population:63% Source: A Fresh Look Global Governance: Exploring Objective Criteria for Representation. Working Paper, no. 160, 6 February 2009, available at www.cgdv.org/content/publications/detail/ 1421065/. Note: CAPPED country names represent countries in the Group of 20 industrizlized countries. When the representational group consists of countries that are not like-minded, is there any possibility for agreement? If so, which countries need to be around the table? We first assess the potential for agreement among a representational group of countries using results from theories of coalitions, regimes, and consensus. We then review a number of variables that may provide the basis for a country's inclusion in a future G-20 or G-X. The variables selected are indicators or proxies for (1) who caused the climate change/energy security/development problem; (2) who is most affected; and (3) who can do something about it. We conclude with the Chinese concept of comprehensive national power to illustrate one attempt to weight several factors and compute an overall index. Is Meaningful Agreement Possible in a Group of 20? In recent G8 meetings, commitments have been made on issues such as the economic crisis, poverty, climate change, development, Africa, global growth and stability, financial markets, investment, innovation, energy efficiency, energy security, clean energy, corruption, modern education systems, infectious diseases, globalization, and international trade. For a variety of reasons, many of the commitments have not been fulfilled, (4) but it is anticipated that a Leadership of Twenty (L-20) council will be able to break deadlocks on several of these important issues. (5) However, because the challenges of reaching a consensus coalition of agreement will be greater with twenty leaders than with eight, we will consider whether or not a meaningful coalition is possible for the former number. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».