Spatio-temporal microseismic analysis of the Woodford Shale, Canadian County, Oklahoma
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Microseismicity provides data that can be used to monitor hydraulic fracture stimulation programs as well as to characterize the resulting hydraulic fractures. This is especially important in low permeability gas and oil shales, where the creation of additional permeability through these fracture treatments is essential to production. However, many applications and analyses of these data are either qualitative in nature or include a large element of interpretational bias. This study looks at two microseismic analytical techniques: the radius of gyration (ROG) tensor, as described in Sayers & Le Calvez (2010), and the methods described in Shapiro (2008) that relate spatio-temporal microseismic signatures to hydraulic diffusivity and ultimately hydraulic permeability. The radius of gyration tensor is used to generate a characteristic ellipsoid for any set of microseismic events, and the aspect ratio of this ellipsoid can be related to local in-situ horizontal stress ratios. These methods are applied to surface microseismic data collected for six horizontal wells drilled and completed in the Woodford Shale in Canadian County, Oklahoma. Additionally, an attempt is made to bridge the gap between these methods. Specifically, the characteristic ellipsoid generation from the radius of gyration tensor in Sayers & Le Calvez (2010) is applied to Shapiro’s workflow. Shapiro attempts to link the 3D anisotropic triggering front of seismicity, which is an ellipsoid that envelops time-scaled microseismic events, to reservoir permeability. The radius of gyration tensor will generate this ellipsoid and remove interpretational bias that would have been present otherwise. Lastly, an attempt is made at relating the signatures present in the characteristic ellipsoids to zones of natural fracture reactivation. This is done on a stage-by-stage basis. The hypothesis is that an ellipsoid with a significant tilt in its most vertical principal axis and a significant azimuthal rotation away from the maximum horizontal stress direction will be indicative of natural fracture reactivation. What defines a “significant” amount of deviation in each case is open to discussion and further study. The results of this study are mixed. Due to data and time restrictions, the radius of gyration tensor was only able to generate a rough range of approximations for maximum horizontal stress (see Section 3.3.1), and the lack of key core data prevented hydraulic permeability from being estimated. However, there were several results of this project that can be considered a success. First, the radius of gyration tensor can arguably be used as a natural fracture reactivation indicator, as detailed in Section 3.4. If a correlation can be drawn between natural fracture reactivation and production improvements, this tool can then be used as an indicator of which stages will perform better. This same radius of gyration tensor can also be leveraged in an otherwise interpretive analytical setting defined by Shapiro (2008), as mentioned above. This process is detailed in…
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,007 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».