Normalizing Foot Moment Arm Lengths in Men and Women
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Foot anthropometric dimensions may influence moment arm lengths and respective moments of force resisted by skeletal muscles. Depending upon circumstances, absolute or normalized expressions of these measures may have greater utility. PURPOSE: To determine the stability reliability and precision of two absolute and normalized moment arm lengths of the foot. METHODS: Longitudinal foot dimensions were obtained in 27 men and 27 women including the anterior-posterior distance between the posterior calcaneus and: 1) talocrural (TALO) and 2) metatarsophalangeal (META) joints. Bilateral measurements of seated subjects were performed using a digital sliding caliper. Absolute dimensions were normalized to height and lower-limb length (LLL, greater trochanter to lateral malleolus). Measures were obtained twice, separated by either 24 or 48 hours. Stability reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and precision using standard error of measurement (SEM). RESULTS: The scatter of points around the trend lines for all 54 subjects combined appear to be uniform and the separate SEMs for men and women are similar. Assuming homoscedasticity, data are reported for the combined groups. For the 3 bilateral expressions of the 2 foot dimensions (12 measures), the low and high means (standard deviation) are reported for each session as well as the ICC and SEM for the pair of sessions. For TALO, means were 5.1 (0.4) and 5.2 (0.5) cm, ICCs were 0.79 and 0.82, and SEMs were 0.2 and 0.2. When normalized to height, means were 0.030 (0.002) and 0.030 (0.002) cm/cm height, ICCs were 0.65 and 0.75, and SEMs were 0.001 and 0.001. When normalized to LLL, means were 0.062 (0.005) and 0.063 (0.005) cm/cm LLL, ICCs were 0.69 and 0.73, and SEMs were 0.003 and 0.003. For META, means were 17.0 (1.2) and 17.1 (1.1) cm, ICCs were 0.97 and 0.98, and SEMs were 0.2 and 0.2. When normalized to height, means were 0.098 (0.002) and 0.100 (0.002) cm/cm height, ICCs were 0.92 and 0.94, and SEMs were 0.001 and 0.001. When normalized to LLL, means were 0.205 (0.010) and 0.208 (0.011) cm/cm LLL, ICCs were 0.92 and 0.92, and SEMs were 0.003 and 0.003. CONCLUSIONS: Surface landmarks and digital calipers can be used to precisely measure the 2 foot dimensions in question, whether or not they are normalized. Reliability is high for the META dimension, and lower for the TALO dimension. Meticulous data acquisition protocols are required to acquire potentially useful data.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,006 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».