CONSIDERATIONS ON THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION PHENOMENON PECULIAR TO EUROPEAN JUDICIAL SCOPE
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
ABSTRACT.The recent economic and financial crisis, with little chance of being exceeded in short term, has grown the economic and financial phenomenon, exceeding the national authorities due to super state institutions, structures and computerization on a large scale; the wide range of offenses, such as EU subsidies fraud, cross-border smuggling, laundering black money, computer crimes, etc. impose countermeasures going from prevention to their coercion in ways to reduce or even stop the phenomenon, which seems to be always one step ahead of the law. Accomplishing preliminary acts of criminal prosecution, investigation methods, evidence, preventive and protective measures must take the economic and financial phenomenon of at higher levels.Keywords: coercion, investigation, methodology, prevention, scope1. IntroductionThe economic and financial specific for the beginning of the third millennium is characterized by accelerated globalization and unprecedented dynamism, especially of large-scale fraud performed by specialists. Amid an evolving economic and financial crisis, which started in 2008 in the U.S., has not spared Europe, mainly affecting a series of banks and the economies of most countries, the modern organized tends to grow continuously, as they engage in all forms of economic-financial, legal or illegal activities, the essential condition being that they have to be profitable, providing the possibility of bringing into the legal system channel the obtained funds and getting the grouping influence and power to a higher level, using any means, especially corruption.According to the studies conducted in the United States of America, it was listed the organized in matters among the threats to national security. The report presented by Louis Freeh, director of the FBI in October 1997, at the U.S. Congress, highlighted the fact that criminal organizations are particularly dangerous because it involves computer science, encryption technique and the use of money laundering structure for recycling hundreds of million dollars. In his opinion, the organized groups operating in the U.S. come from Russia, Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and other parts of the world (Conseil de G Europe, Doc. 7971/ 22.12.1997, Criminalite des affaires: une menace pour G Europe/ The European Council, Doc.797 1/12.22. 1997, Economic Crime: a Threat to Europe). Also, in the Report of Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), of November 1998, the activity of transnational criminal organizations is considered a serious threat to the country's economic security by: crimes in the insurance domain bank fraud, fraud in the payment of fuel taxes, corruption, etc.An important finding of the specialized European bodies is that the phenomenon of economic and financial often called the business crime or white collar crime, is little known and investigated in relation to conventional crime. This fact results on one hand from the appearance of lower social risk, that is the misconception that these facts are less dirty than the ones specific to conventional but especially from the politicization of control activities, which is the essential cause of the weak response to danger, a favoring condition for the development of criminal structures in the contemporary society. Business is perceived by the Council of Europe as a threat to Member States, which is why it has issued the Recommendation no R(81)12 of 25 June 1981, which presents the list of illegal activities confined to this type of crime: Offenses relating to cartel formation; Fraudulent practices and abuses committed by multinational companies; Fraudulent obtaining or misappropriation of funds allotted by the State or international organization; Cybercrime (e.g. data theft, violation of secrecy, manipulation of computer data); Creation of fictitious companies; The forgery of balance sheet and breach of undertaking the obligation of bookkeeping; Frauds which have consequences on commercial status and social capital; Fraud to the detriment of creditors (e. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».