Chemically Assisted Ignition Technologies for a Light Oil Air Injection Process
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract A light oil (API 30 º) reservoir is an excellent candidate for high pressure air injection, but the oil is not believed to be capable of self-ignition at the reservoir temperature. Several chemical additives and catalysts are studied to evaluate their effectiveness of ignition improvement for this light oil sample. Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC) and Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) experiments are examined in this study. The oil sample, which is mixed with certain catalysts and chemical additives, is subjected to a controlled heating schedule under a constant flow rate of air at 4.14 MPa (600 psig) and 13.8 MPa (2,000 psig) pressure for the PDSC and ARC tests, respectively. The amount and rate of heat released by the oxidation reactions is analyzed for those tests. In the presence of a metallic catalyst and chemical initiators, oxidation behaviour of the oil tested is dramatically improved. Also observed are a significant reduction in the onset temperature of significant exotherm and an increased rate for the release of heat. Introduction Air injection has been proven as a viable process in improving oil recovery from light oil reservoirs, and as a result, it has received much interest in recent years(1, 2). The concept of recovery increment is when air is injected into a light oil reservoir and exothermic chemical reactions occur. The desired reactions result in heat generation and the production of carbon dioxide. Downstream of the reaction zone, the combustion produced gas sweeps oil toward the production wells, combining with light hydrocarbon fractions vapourized by heat released from oxidation reactions. Therefore, incremental oil production is achieved. However, air injection for a light oil reservoir is a complex process involving simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a multiphase environment coupled with oxidation chemical reactions. Ignition is the first phase of this process and a satisfactory ignition is of prime importance in initiating a successful air injection process(2). In high temperature reservoirs, the air injection process is initiated by injecting air, which may spontaneously ignite the oil-in-place(1). However, in some cases, spontaneous ignition of the reservoir oil is not likely to occur so that several artificial means have been implemented(3), including down hole electrical heaters, a gas burner or injection of steam, but it is highly desirable to avoid having to run heaters or burners when air injection is to be applied in deep, high pressure reservoirs. As a result, chemical ignition is proposed(2). The concept of chemical ignition is where a slug of chemicals with reactive oxidation characteristics is injected into an oil bearing zone prior to the injection of air from an injector. If heat released from an oxidation reaction is continually generated at a rate greater than it is dissipated, starting at the native reservoir temperature, oil can be spontaneously ignited without the application of artificial means. The reactive nature of the base oil present in the ignition zone can be enhanced or stimulated. A spontaneous ignition may occur within the formation. Bednarski(4) reported on a chemical ignition improvement experiment.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».