Simulating the ES-SAGD Process With Solvent Mixture in Athabasca Reservoirs
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Résumé
Abstract The ES-SAGD process was developed to improve the energy and oil drainage efficiency of the SAGD process. The idea of the ES-SAGD process is to co-inject solvent with steam and the co-injected solvent mixes with the bitumen to further reduce the viscosity of the heated bitumen along the boundary of the steam chamber thus enhances the oil recovery. Practically, the coinjected solvent will be a solvent mixture (such as diluent /naphtha) due to its availability and reduced cost than a pure hydrocarbon. This paper reports the results of an ES-SAGD lab test conducted with steam and diluent co-injection using Athabasca bitumen. To simulate the ES-SAGD test, a pseudocomponent scheme to represent the complex solvent mixture in the numerical model is derived, based on the diluent composition and measured PVT data. The behaviors and effects of the co-injected solvent in the ES-SAGD process are analyzed through detailed history matching of the ES-SAGD test. Numerical sensitivity analyses are also performed to investigate the effects of some key parameters in the numerical approach. Introduction The Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)1 and the Vapor Extraction (VAPEX)2, combined with the horizontal well technology, are being developed to recover the enormous heavy oil and bitumen resources in Western Canada. The SAGD process has been successfully field-tested and is in the early stage of commercial-scale application while the VAPEX process is still at the piloting stage. Both processes have their advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of the SAGD process is its high oil production rate. However the high production rate of the SAGD process is associated with intensive energy consumption and CO2 emissions from burning natural gas to generate steam, and costly post-production water treatment. The VAPEX process, on the other hand, has the advantage of lower energy consumption and water usage, therefore less CO2 emission and water treatment cost. However, the major drawbacks of the VAPEX process are its relatively lower oil production rate and the additional cost of solvent. The ES-SAGD process was developed3, 4 to improve the energy efficiency of the SAGD process by combining the advantages of the SAGD and VAPEX processes. In the ESSAGD process, small amount of solvent, pure hydrocarbon (i.e. hexane) or hydrocarbon mixture (diluent), is co-injected with steam. The basic idea is that as the solvent flows with steam along the boundary of the vapor chamber, it dissolves into and mixes with the bitumen, hence reducing the viscosity of the bitumen and further enhances the oil recovery. Practically, the co-injected solvent will be a hydrocarbon mixture (such as diluent /naphtha) due to its availability and reduced cost than a pure hydrocarbon. Thus the study of the impact of the different components in the hydrocarbon mixture in the ES-SAGD process becomes important. In this study, one ES-SAGD lab test with Athabasca bitumen and a field solvent mixture (diluent) as the co-injected solvent using a 2D high-pressure/high-temperature test facility was conducted. The ES-SAGD test was numerically history matched.
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