Impacts of Gas on SAGD: History Matching of Lab Scale Tests
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract This study addresses the importance of initial GOR in SAGD heavy oil recovery operations. By history matching two laboratory scale experiments one with dead oil and the other with live oil we corroborated the theoretical and numerical prediction that gas would accumulate at the front of a steam chamber. This gas accumulation could slow down oil production as well as heat loss to the overburden. It is suggested that monitoring gas production during SAGD field operations may be critical for the investigation of impacts of gas, and for developing strategies for performance improvement. Introduction It was generally believed that gas could have positive impacts on SAGD operation. The negative impacts of gas on SAGD operation have also been noticed, but are usually considered minor(1–15). Recently, however, a theoretical and numerical study has shown that the negative impacts of gas on SAGD could be critical(16). Two lab scale experiments concerning this issue have been conducted at Alberta Research Council. One was with dead oil and the other was with live oil. Results of these experiments were then history matched and analyzed using CMG's thermal reservoir simulator, STARS. In this report, we summarize the results from the study. Experimental The physical model was a rectangular stainless steel cell 80 cm in length, 24 cm in height, and 10 cm thick. The cell was packed with 220 Darcy Ottawa sand saturated with water and bitumen. The production well was placed at the centre across the length, 2.2 cm above the bottom of the cell and parallel to the thickness of the cell. The injection well was placed 5 cm above the production well. The cell was carefully wrapped with multiple layers of Nomax insulation. Two layers of Nomax and one layer of 1.9 cm thick plywood were used for the front wall and for the back wall. The heat transfer coefficient for one layer of Nomax was 0.08184 J/cm2-min- °?C and for one layer of plywood was 0.02684 J/cm-2 min- ° C. The cell was confined in a pressure vessel filled with nitrogen so that the overburden pressure of the cell was controlled. The viscosity of the dead oil used in the two tests was 32,500 cP at 15 °C, and was a sample from Cold Lake. In the dead oil experiment, the initial cell pressure was 2,168 kPa and the initial cell temperature was 22 °C. The sandpack porosity was 36.7%. The initial oil saturation was 87%. The steam was slightly superheated and injected at an average rate of 33 cc/min, except during the first 10 min. During the first 10 min, steam was circulated into the injection and production wells, with the steam injection rate being at an average value of 68 cc/min. The experiment lasted 450 min. In the live oil experiment, the initial cell pressure was 2,184 kPa and the initial cell temperature was 22 ° C. The sandpack porosity was 36.3%. The initial oil saturation was 89%.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».