Low Temperature Electrolytes in High Specific Energy 18650 Li-Ion Cells for Future NASA Missions
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
NASA continues to have an interest in developing robust, high specific energy, rechargeable batteries that can operate well at low temperatures. Improvements in battery specific energy translates into reduced launch costs and/or enhanced mission capability. Improved low temperature performance results in reduced thermal management complexity and reduced allocation of energy to heaters. There is current interest in exploring some of the distant icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn, since these bodies are believed to have liquid oceans beneath the icy surface that may harbor life. In particular, NASA is considering surface missions to Europa, which would benefit from improved high specific energy, low temperature batteries. To address these mission needs, the Electrochemical Technologies Group (ETG) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is engaged in developing ultra-low temperature rechargeable batteries with high specific energy and enhanced low temperature capability for icy moon surface missions.1 The performance goals of this program include operation over the temperature range of +40oC to -60oC (delivering up to 100 Wh/kg at -40oC and 75 Wh/kg at -60oC). In addition, continuous operation at low temperatures is desired, so the cells should possess good charge characteristics without undesirable lithium plating. E-One Moli Energy Ltd.’s commercially available 18650-size lithium-ion cells have been identified to be especially attractive, due to their high specific energy (>200 Wh/kg at ambient temperatures) and reasonably wide temperature range of operation. 1 Given the desire for enhanced performance at low temperatures, E-One Moli has fabricated advanced prototype cells containing JPL-developed low temperature electrolytes. These electrolytes have been developed under previous programs and included all-carbonate-based low EC-content electrolytes formulations, as well as methyl propionate (MP)-based electrolytes with various additives. 2-5 To assess the performance of these cells, we have performed discharge rate characterization over a wide temperature range (down to -70oC). In addition, we have evaluated the cells during long term cycling continuously at very low temperatures, especially at -40oC. These results have been compared to baseline commercial off the shelf (COTS) cells.In an attempt to characterize the likelihood of lithium plating when charging at low temperatures, the charge current and charge voltage has been systematically studied. Impedance measurements have also been performed as a function of temperature in an attempt to more fully understand the impact of electrolyte type upon the low temperature performance. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The work described here was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and supported by the NASA Game Changing Development Program. REFERENCES 1. F. C. Krause, A. Lawrence, M. C. Smart, S. F. Dawson, A. Ulloa-Severino, and B. V. Ratnakumar, “Evaluation of Commercial High Energy Lithium-Ion Cells for Aerospace Applications”, 227thMeeting of the Electrochemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, May 25-29, 2015 (Abstract #47580). 2. M. C. Smart, B. V. Ratnakumar, K. B. Chin, and L. D. Whitcanack, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157(12), A1361-A1374 (2010). 3. M. C. Smart, B. V. Ratnakumar, F. C. Krause, L. D. Whitcanack, E. A. Dewell, S. F. Dawson, R. B. Shaw, S. Santee, F. J. Puglia, A. Buonanno, C. Deroy, and R. Gitzendanner, NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop, Huntsville, Alabama, November 17-19, 2015. 4.M. C. Smart, B. V. Ratnakumar, M. R. Tomcsi, M. Nagata, V. Visco, and H. Tsukamoto, 2010 Power Sources Conference, Las Vegas, NV, June 16, 2010, Pages 191-194. 5. (a) M. C. Smart, B.V. Ratnakumar, A. S. Gozdz, and S. Mani, 214th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Honolulu, HI, Oct. 12-17, 2008. (b) M. C. Smart, A. S. Gozdz, L. D. Whitcanack, and B. V. Ratnakumar, 220thMeeting of the Electrochemical Society, Boston, MA, October 11, 2011.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».