Co-Laminar Flow Cell with Power Density of 2 Wcm<sup>-2</sup>
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Early studies have demonstrated the feasibility of circulating liquid electrolytes for gaseous reactant separation such as in alkaline fuel cells [1,2]. More recently, a new class of electrochemical cell based on co-laminar flow to maintain separation of liquid reactants is gaining considerable interest among academic researchers [3]. Without any physical separators or costly membranes, some of these inexpensive co-laminar flow cells (CLFCs) are being developed for disposable applications such as point of care biomedical devices [4], while others are targeting higher power applications such as on-chip cooling of microprocessors [5]. This presentation demonstrates the effectiveness of co-laminar flow for reactant separation which also exploits the high ionic conductivity of sulfuric acid to minimize ohmic loss. The cell being showcased is based on a previous design relying on vanadium redox reactants and flow-through porous electrodes [6]. By optimization of electrolyte formulation and CLFC architecture and implementation of current collectors, the cell depicted in Fig. 1 achieves very low area specific resistance ASR = 0.12 Ω·cm 2 . In addition, these changes to the cell design reduce the overall device footprint by half, leading to a cross-sectional power density of 0.88 Wcm -2 . The optimized cell design is further enhanced with a novel in situ flowing deposition method for improving both the electrochemical surface area and mass transport properties of the porous carbon paper electrodes [7,8]. By dynamically depositing carbon nanotubes at the entrance of and within the carbon paper flow-through porous electrodes, the cross-sectional peak power density is increased to a record breaking 2.01 Wcm -2 , as shown in Fig. 2. When normalized by the volume of both electrodes and the center channel, this equates to a peak volumetric power density of 13.4 Wcm -3 . The CLFC performance demonstrated in this study provides a new benchmark for electrochemical cells based on co-laminar flow of reactants. In addition, the simple design principles and methods developed in this work are likely to be applicable to other electrochemical flow cells such as the larger scale flow batteries being developed for grid energy storage. Acknowledgements Funding for this research provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Canada Foundation for Innovation, and British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund is highly appreciated. References [1] G.F. Mclean, T. Niet, N. Djilali, An assessment of alkaline fuel cell technology, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 27 (2002) 507–526. [2] K. Kordesch, V. Hacker, J. Gsellmann, M. Cifrain, G. Faleschini, P. Enzinger, et al., Alkaline fuel cells applications, J. Power Sources. 86 (2000) 162–165. [3] M.-A. Goulet, E. Kjeang, Co-laminar flow cells for electrochemical energy conversion, J. Power Sources. 260 (2014) 186–196. [4] J.W. Lee, E. Kjeang, A perspective on microfluidic biofuel cells., Biomicrofluidics. 4 (2010) 41301. [5] M.M. Sabry, A. Sridhar, D. Atienza, P. Ruch, B. Michel, Integrated Microfluidic Power Generation and Cooling for Bright Silicon MPSoCs, in: Proc. IEEE/ACM 2014 Des. Autom. Test Eur. Conf., 2014: pp. 70–75. [6] M.-A. Goulet, E. Kjeang, Reactant recirculation in electrochemical co-laminar flow cells, Electrochim. Acta. 140 (2014) 217–224. [7] M.-A. Goulet, E. Kjeang, Process of increasing energy conversion and electrochemical efficiency of a scaffold using a deposition material, (2015) US Patent Application 14/842,812. [8] M.-A. Goulet, A. Habisch, E. Kjeang, In Situ Enhancement of Flow-through Porous Electrodes with Carbon Nanotubes via Flowing Deposition, Electrochim. Acta. PA-16-124 (2016) under review. Figure 1
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».