Surveillance of red fox Vulpes vulpes cardiopulmonary parasites in the UK
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
1. Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis and Eucoleus aerophilus are nematode parasites which all cause respiratory distress in domestic dogs and are maintained in wild fox populations. Although they can be treated by anthelmintic drugs they can be difficult to diagnose and treatment regimes remain under-evaluated, making it important for veterinarians and pet owners to be aware of the potential for infection with these species. The recent emergence of these species has seen a number of survey studies in Europe and Canada, with varying results for prevalence and associations with fox age, sex, body condition, seasonality and co-infections. 2. While C. vulpis and E. aerophilus are endemic in foxes across the UK, A. vasorum is hypothesised to be spreading from current foci in the south of the country, warranting repeated surveys of the fox population to monitor changes in distribution and prevalence. 3. In this study we aimed to assess the change in range of A. vasorum across the UK since previous study which used foxes from 2005-2006. We also aimed to analyse any changes in prevalence or associations with co-infection, fox condition and other factors since previous study using general linear modelling. Hearts and lungs of 103 foxes from four regions of the UK were examined for nematode parasites. 23 foxes were from the English-Scottish border region where A. vasorum has not previously been found. 4. A. vasorum was not detected in the borders region, and had not significantly increased in prevalence in known foci. E. aerophilus was still the most common species found and UKwide prevalence was 62.5% higher in the present study than in previously study although it remains within the range of other European studies. There were significant relationships between fox body condition and E. aerophilus burden and A. vasorum presence, and between season and E. aerophilus burden. Presence of E. aerophilus was significantly associated with decreased A. vasorum burden. These results differ from previous work from the UK. 5. Veterinarians should be aware of the potential for northwards spread A. vasorum, and the risks of infection from all three species elsewhere in the country. E. aerophilus may be emerging in the UK fox population, but future studies should confirm this using a standardised methodology. Detailed study of fox density in different regions, and better sampling of urban foxes would also benefit future studies, while sampling of foxes from the border region should be repeated to monitor spread.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle