CO2 Storage in the Nisku Aquifer in the Wabamun Lake Area, Canada - The Effect of Site Characterization Data on Caprock Integrity Modeling
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The geomechanical factors put significant constraints on CO2 storage in terms of injection pressures that may be limited by fracture propagation, injection rates that can be achieved without compromising the seal and excessive fracture propagation, and the CO2 placement affected by fracturing. Goodarzi et al (2012) investigated the feasibility of securely storing CO2 in Nisku geological formation located in Wabamun Lake area (Alberta, Canada) using a coupled flow, thermal and geomechanical model. Due to lack of field and lab measurements, the results of the study were reported as pessimistic. This paper utilized recently recorded well log, well test and lab measurements specific to the study area to build porosity, absolute and relative permeability, thermal, mechanical property and stress profiles required for refining the results of the aforementioned study. The results show that injection in the Nisku aquifer (below or at fracture pressure with 1–2 Mt/year) causes only small surface heave in the range of 2–3 mm. Injection above the fracture pressure at 2 Mt/year results in higher well injectivity but also increases the possibility of caprock fracturing. The degree of vertical propagation strongly depends on the caprock stress state and mechanical properties. The importance of the proper site characterization is highlighted by comparison of our current results with our earlier work on the same site reported in Goodarzi et al. (2012), in which estimates were used for many parameters. The predicted fracture dimensions based on updated fluid and rock mechanical properties in the current work are significantly larger than the dimensions reported in the 2012 study. The primary reason for this is the lower initial fracture pressure and higher stiffness of the reservoir rock formation used in this study.This causes smaller fracture width and lower leak-off which will be compensated by larger extent of fracture both horizontally and vertically.. Thermal effects of cold CO2 injection reduce significantly the fracture pressure and enhance the horizontal fracture propagation. The vertical extension of fracture in the thermal model was shown to be smaller than in the isothermal model due to the confining stress contrast created by thermoelastic stresses. This in turn resulted in larger horizontal propagation of fracture in the thermal model. The reduction of fracturing pressure due to thermal effects will reduce the well injectivity if the well is to be operated below fracture pressure, and increase fracture propagation if fracturing is allowed. This aspect needs to be taken into account by operators as well as by regulatory agencies. If it is required to operate below fracturing, the time-variation of fracture pressure under injection condition can be determined using geomechanicaly coupled model and its historical minimum value should be taken as the maximum operating pressure.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».