Fairness in Olympic sports: How can we control the increasing complexity of doping use in high performance sports?
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Fairness in Olympic sports: How can we control the increasing complexity of doping use in high performance sports?☆With the Rio Olympics just a few months past, we remember the excitement, the incredible performances, and the controversies.As happens so often, the Olympic Games focus attention not only on athletic achievements but also on how athletes may reach ever-increasing levels of performance.Doping, medical doping exemptions, and the ban of the Russian team for state-sponsored organized doping of its athletes dominated the discussions.After the Rio Olympics, it was revealed that many prominent athletes had health-related drug exemptions and thus were allowed to use medication containing substances banned by the World Anti-DopingAgency (WADA).Particularly, exemptions for asthma medication and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder came under scrutiny.The number of exemptions became suspicious when it was revealed that in certain sports (e.g., cycling and swimming), the percentage of athletes suffering from asthma is much greater than in the average population.Asthma medications, such as salbutamol and terbutaline, are said to be not performance enhancing, but they will increase performance in asthmatic athletes by up to 10%. 1 However, it is impossible to know what the normal performance level of an asthma sufferer would be were she or he free of asthma.This argument is reminiscent of the discussions surrounding Oscar Pistorius, the double-amputee "blade runner" who participated in the London Olympics, and scientists' disagreements about whether Mr. Pistorius had an unfair advantage running with his specialized lower limb prostheses.Of course, we will never know, because nobody can determine with certainty how fast Mr. Pistorius could have run the 400 m sprint had he had his "normal" legs.One might argue that when a drug contains banned substances, there should be no medical exemptions.Asthma sufferers should be allowed to use banned substances but should be categorized as Paralympic athletes and compete against each other in a separate competition.In swimming and cycling, approximately 40% of all Olympic athletes would fall into this category, making winning in the asthma category as competitive as the regular Olympic swimming and cycling competitions.Another drug that has received intense scrutiny and press is meldonium, which can be purchased under the trade name Mildronate.Meldonium was developed in the 1970s at the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis in the former Soviet Union.It is primarily used as a treatment against coronary artery diseases and has seen widespread use among Eastern European athletes.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,029 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,006 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».