International Law - Prohibition on Refoulement - Remedies - Maher Arar V. John Ashcroft
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The prohibition on refoulement is a fundamental human right enshrined in both customary international and law. (1) In Arar v. Ashcroft, (2) Court of Appeals for Second Circuit considered plaintiff Maher Arar's claim for, inter alia, damages under Torture Victims Prevention Act (T.V.P.A.) arising from his extraordinary rendition to Syria. (3) Arar alleged that defendants, U.S. government officials, rendered him to Syria with knowledge or intention that he would be tortured and interrogated by Syrian authorities. (4) The Second Circuit held that Arar failed to state a claim under T.V.P.A. and dismissed case. (5) On September 26, 2002, authorities at John F. Kennedy airport in New York detained Arar, a dual citizen of Syria and Canada, while he was in transit from Tunisia to Canada. (6) Arar was told that he was inadmissible to United because U.S. government had determined he was a member of al Qaeda. (7) Pursuant to this determination, Director of Regional Office of I.N.S.J. Scott Blackman, authorized Arar's removal from United without further process. (8) Although Arar designated Canada as country to which he wished to be sent, U.S. officials instead allegedly flew him to Jordan where he was handed over to Syrian officials, driven to Syria and placed in detention. (9) In Syria, Arar was allegedly held in an underground cell six feet long and three feet wide for approximately twelve months. (10) During his detention, Arar claimed that he was subjected to and psychological including regular beatings and threats of severe physical harm. (11) Arar further alleged that defendants provided Syrian authorities with information about him, suggested subjects for interrogation, and received all information coerced from [Arar] during interrogations. (12) Following his release from Syrian detention, Arar filed a civil action in 2004 against numerous individuals, including: former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft; Federal Bureau of Investigations (F.B.I.) Director Robert Mueller; Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge; former Immigration and Naturalization Service (I.N.S.) Commissioner James W. Ziglar; Regional Director of Regional Office of I.N.S. J. Scott Blackman; and several other named and unnamed employees of F.B.I. and I.N.S. (13) Arar alleged, inter alia, that defendants acted in concert with Jordanian and Syrian officials, and under color of Syrian law, to conspire and/or aid and abet in violating his right to be free from torture in violation of T.V.P.A. (14) Arar requested compensatory and punitive damages under T.V.P.A. for violations of his international human rights. (15) The District Court dismissed Arar's complaint in August 2006. (16) On appeal, Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld District Court dismissal of Arar's claims. (17) The Alien Tort Statute (A.T.S.) grants federal district courts original jurisdiction over any civil action by an alien for a tort committed in violation of law of or a of United States. (18) Torts in violation of of nations include, inter alia, torture, extrajudicial killing, war crimes, disappearance, and arbitrary detention. (19) To gain jurisdiction under A.T.S., plaintiff must show that is either self-executing and provides for a private right of action or, if is non-selfexecuting, that it has been implemented through domestic legislation. (20) Where a tort violates both the of prong of A.T.S. and treaty of United States prong of statute, plaintiffs are not barred from raising claims under either prong of A.T.S. (21) Under customary law, principle of non-refoulement prohibits from rejecting, returning, removing, or expelling an individual to a country where there is a substantial risk of facing torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, or persecution. …
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».