Holmpatrick Graveyard — a description

The term ‘graveyard’ describes a burial ground attached to a church, and ‘historic graveyard’ describes any graveyard or burial ground in use prior to the early twentieth-century. In such places, communities connect with their own history and ancestry, and identify with their place of origin. They have cultural and heritage significance too and, for these reasons, their conservation and interpretation are necessary.\nHolmpatrick Graveyard is situated in the centre of Skerries, a small coastal town 27 km north of Dublin City. An archipelago of three small islands fringes the local coastline. One of these is locally known as Church Island although it is named St. Patrick’s Island on all Ordnance Survey maps. The placename ‘Holmpatrick’ derives from the Old Norse term for an island, ‘holmr’, and the forename Patrick. The equivalent in the Irish language is Inis Pádraig1, emphasising the strong historical connection of the area with St. Patrick who came to Ireland in the fifth century AD. The placename also links with the Norsemen who reputedly raided the seventh-century stone tomb-shrine of St. Do-Chonna on the island in AD 7982-3. The ruins of a twelfth-century church and related structures still exist there.\nThe Heritage Council (http://www.heritagecouncil.ie/ ) provides guidelines for the protection and sustainable management of all culturally significant places. In the case of a graveyard, this includes an understanding of its cultural, historic, religious and secular importance4. Holmpatrick Graveyard, with its dominant bell tower built in c. 1790, and numerous centuries-old gravestones, has meaning and symbolism that may not be immediately apparent to visitors. Many of the oldest stones are deteriorating due to weathering and their inscriptions are now difficult to read in the majority of cases. Importantly, four are recorded by the National Monuments Service, giving them added protection and status (http://webgis.archaeology.ie/historicenvironment/ ). Historical sources also indicate that the medieval Augustinian Priory of Holmpatrick was sited here and, with the discovery of medieval floor tiles east-northeast of the bell tower, this attests to the antiquity of the place5.\nThe committee of Skerries Tidy Towns (www.skerriesca.com/hom/tidy-towns/ ) has commissioned this panel as part of its wider mission to enrich the built and natural environment for the local community and tourists alike. The aim here is to capture and present some of the skilled work of past masons as portrayed in the commemorative art and verse, all beautifully recorded in stone. Notably, Holmpatrick Graveyard is one of a small number in north County Dublin having gravestones which exhibit a distinct ‘local design repertoire’ and a ‘regional style of folk-art’ created in the eighteenth-century6. Eleven of these, with their characteristic clockwise-spirals, nested lozenge motifs and central dots, typify this style. While such ornamentation is universal, and can occur spontaneously in many art forms, there is an obvious similarity with elements of the megalithic art tradition first discovered in 1699 in the nearby Boyne Valley (37 years before the James Martin gravestone was inscribed). It is plausible, given the geographical proximity and chronology of both styles, that this local cluster of folk art was conceived by a mason(s) aware of, or influenced by, this prehistoric art tradition. Adding to the site’s interest, the stories portrayed on many of the engraved stones are poignant and describe grief, loss and local maritime tragedies.\nThe illustrated panel which accompanies this introduction includes a high-resolution aerial image flown by Mark Broderick (http://markbroderick.ie/ ). The annotations show the location of the bell tower and 13 featured gravestones and grave slabs. All are located in the historic section of the graveyard and are described and partially interpreted. Where necessary, Digital Imaging Processing techniques were used to improve the clarity of the entities. In some cases, digitally-created facsimiles more clearly reveal the carved detail now largely obscured by erosion and lichen growth.\nA print of the panel is on permanent display at the graveyard entrance. A digital version is freely available from DIT’s online research repository ARROW under the author’s name, or directly at http://arrow.dit.ie/beschreoth/65/ . A link to ARROW is also hosted on the Skerries Tidy Towns webpage of the Skerries Community Association website (www.skerriesca.com ). Once installed on a mobile phone, or other hand-held device, the panel can be used as a digital field guide for site exploration. Being portable, the user can exploit the high resolution imagery, engage onsite with the featured monuments in an interactive and more informed way, and bring a modern focus on the hidden history of Holmpatrick Graveyard, Skerries.\nAcknowledgment\nThe author gratefully acknowledges the permission granted by the Photographic Unit of the National Monuments Service of the Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs (DoAHRRGA) to reproduce three of their images in the accompanying illustration.\nREFERENCES\n1. Fiontar (DCU) and The Placenames Branch (2015) Placenames Database of Ireland. Available at http://www.logainm.ie/en/ [Accessed December 2016].\n2. Hennessy, W. ( 1887–1901) Annala Uladh. Annals of Ulster; otherwise, Annala Senait. Annals of Senat. Dublin: By the authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, under the direction of the Council of the Royal Irish Academy.\n3. MacShamhráin, A. (2004) The Island of St. Patrick: Church and ruling dynasties in Fingal and Meath, 400–1148. Dublin: Four Courts Press.\n4. The Heritage Council and O’ Brien, C. (2011) Guidance for the Care, Conservation and Recording of Historic Graveyards. Kilkenny: The Heritage Council.\n5. Baker, C. (2002) Medieval Tiles from Holmpatrick Graveyard, Skerries, Co. Dublin. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 132: 143–147.\n6. Mytum, H. (2004) Local Traditions in Early Eighteenth-Century Commemoration: The Headstone Memorials from Balrothery, Co. Dublin, and Their Place in the Evolution of Irish and British Commemorative Practice. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature 104C(1): 1–35.\nADDITIONAL SOURCES\nAustralia ICOMOS Inc. (1999) The Burra Charter (The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance). Available at http://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/BURRA-CHARTER-1999_charter-only.pdf [Accessed December 2016].\nCooper, L. H. and Denny-Brown, A. (2016) The Arma Christi in Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture. New York: Routledge.\nCorlett, C. (2010) Some eighteenth-century granite headstones from Wicklow. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 140: 35–47.\nEgan, M. J. S. (1994) Holmpatrick Graveyard, Skerries, Co. Dublin. Dublin City and County Graveyards 7: 69–229.\nFingal County Council (2016) Historic graveyards. Available at http://www.fingal.ie/planning-and-buildings/heritage-in-fingal/heritage-and-communities/historic-graveyards/ [Accessed December 2016].\nFitzgerald, W. (1910) Holmpatrick Churchyard. Journal of the Association for the Preservation of the Memorials of the Dead in Ireland 1907-08-09 VII(1): 338–342.\nFox, C. (1975) Some notes on Holmpatrick Graveyard. Skerries Historical Society, Archive No. 105. Available at http://oldskerries.ie/some-notes-on-holmpatrick-graveyard/ . [Accessed December 2016].\nGrimes, B. (1982) Holmpatrick Graveyard. Skerries Historical Society, Archive No. 131. Available at http://oldskerries.ie/holmpatrick-graveyard/ [Accessed December 2016].\nGrogan, E. (1998) Eighteenth-century headstones and the stone mason tradition in County Wicklow: the work of Dennis Cullen of Monaseed. In Corlett, C. and O' Sullivan, A. (eds), Wicklow Archaeology and History. County Wicklow Archaeological Society: 41–63.\nHourihane, C. (2000) The Mason and his Mark: Masons' Marks in the Medieval Irish Archbishoprics of Cashel and Dublin. British Archaeological Reports 294.\nJung, C. G., von Franz, M.-L., Henderson, J. L., Jacobi, J. and Jaffé, A.( eds). (1964) Man and his symbols. Canada: Dell Publishing.\nLongfield, A. K. (1943) Some 18th Century Irish Tombstones. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 13(2): 29–39.\nLongfield, A. K. (1951) Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Decorated Headstones. Journal of the County Louth Archaeological Society 12(3): 113–118.\nMcCluskey, S. C. (2014) Orientation of Christian Churches. In Ruggles, C. L. N. (ed), Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. Springer, New York: 1703–1710. [Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_173 ].\nMcCormack, F. (1979) A Group of Tradesmen's Headstones (with notes on their trades and tools). Clogher Record 10(1): 12–22.\nMytum, H. (2003/2004) Artefact Biography as an Approach to Material Culture: Irish Gravestones as a Material Form of Genealogy. Journal of Irish Archaeology 12/13: 111–127.\nMytum, H. C. (2000) Recording and analysing graveyards. Practical Handbook 15. York: Council for British Archaeology.\nO'Sullivan, M. (1993) Megalithic Art in Ireland. Dublin: Town House and Country House.\nPhelan, M. M. (1996) The O’Kerin School of Monumental Sculpture in Ossory and its Environs in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 126: 167–181.\nRyan, M., Mooney, K., Prendergast, F. and Masterson, B. (2004). Church Island: a description. In Mac Shamhráin, A. (ed), The island of St Patrick : church and ruling dynasties in Fingal and Meath, 400–1148. Dublin, Four Courts Press: 106–124. [Available at http://arrow.dit.ie/dsisbk/1/ ].\nSprague, R. (2005) Burial terminology: a guide for researchers. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.\nStokes,

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