Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Corn (Zea mays L) as Affected by Timing, Method of Application and Source of Dairy Manure
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Field trials were conducted during three years to evaluate the effect of timing, method of application and manure source on N2O emissions and corn grain yield at Elora, ON, Canada. A randomized block design was set up every year, evaluating two timings (fall vs. spring), three methods of manure application (surface broadcasting, incorporation and injection) and two manure sources (raw, RM vs. anaerobically digested, AD), using non steady state chambers. Three and two years of data were used to evaluate the effect of manure application timing and manure source respectively on N2O emission, considering also application methods in each experiment. A hybrid, decision tree-based flux calculation method (DTBM) was developed and chosen to calculate N2O emissions, given that it advantaged to other methods due to its ability to match each data type with the best model. Nitrous oxide emissions did not respond to timing of manure application; however, as the interaction year by manure application timing as well as application method significantly affected N2O emissions (p< 0.01 and p< 0.05, respectively). The effect of method on cumulative N2O emissions depended on manure source(p<0.01), since -1 surface broadcast AD had the highest emission (6.4 kg N2O-N ha ), and both injected AD and -1 incorporated RM had the lowest values (2.6 kg and 2.8 N2O-N ha , respectively). Manure source tended to affect cumulative N2O emissions (F=4.67, p<0.1), with the largest emissions for AD -1 (4.8 kg N2O-N ha ). Anaerobically digested manure was proven to reduce cumulative N2O emissions when it was fall injected to corn in cold climates; however, if AD is broadcasted or broadcasted and incorporated, it may result in greater N2O emissions than those produced by RM. Short (2-3 yrs.) and long term (26 yrs.) trends for cumulative N2O emissions were simulated with a process-based model (DNDC-CAN). Even though no difference between predicted application timings was found at short-term, spring application was detected to decrease N2O emissions in the long term. The inter-annual variability canceled the effects of method of application in the long term on predicted N2O emissions. Injection of AD showed to be a good technique to mitigate predicted N2O emissions in the long term.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».