The Importance of Pedigree: Why Instituting RFID-Based Tracking of Pharmaceuticals Is Essential to Counteracting Counterfeiting and Maintaining Both the Health of the Public and the Potency of the American Drug Industry
Pourquoi ce travail est dans la base
Une base qui oublie comment elle a trouvé un travail ne peut pas être vérifiée. Voici les voies qui ont admis celui-ci.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This article investigates the fast-growing problem of counterfeit prescription drugs, examining the toll being exacted by counterfeit medicines worldwide. The article also looks at the health concerns caused by the rising tide of fake pharmaceuticals. It then examines how leading pharmaceutical companies are seeking to protect their brands, bottom-lines, and patients through the use of RFID to ensure the integrity of their product. The article also provides an update on legislative efforts to improve pharmaceutical supply chain security. Finally, the article examines forecasts for growth in this area, with an analysis of the future of the pharmaceutical market for RFID. Keywords: RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), Pharmaceutical Industry, Supply Chain Security, Product Theft, Counterfeiting, Government Regulation INTRODUCTION Pharmaceuticals play a more prominent role in American health care than in any other nation. The North American market today comprises 47 percent of the global prescription drug market, which now exceeds half a trillion dollars, with Americans spending approximately $251.8 billion annually on pharmaceuticals. This is up significantly from a decade earlier, when American consumption represented approximately one-third of the world market (IMS Health, 2006a). America's insatiable demand for prescription drugs has led to serious cracks in the drug supply chain of the world's leading pharmaceutical market. This article examines the size and scope of the problem of counterfeit pharmaceuticals, both globally and in the United States. It looks at the impact this crisis is having both on public health and the pharmaceutical industry. Today, leaders in both the pharmaceutical industry and government are looking to more stringent regulations and RFID (radio frequency identification) tagging of pharmaceuticals as a way to head-off the problems associated with an increasingly leaky drug supply chain. This article outlines the steps being taken in the United States to help secure this vital supply chain. Finally, an analysis is given of the impact the shift to electronic pedigrees of pharmaceuticals will have both on the pharmaceutical and RFID marketspaces. THE GLOBAL EPIDEMIC OF COUNTERFEIT DRUGS The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that as much as 10 percent of the global pharmaceutical market - a halftrillion-dollar marketplace - is counterfeit. In some countries, the WHO estimates that 25 percent or more of the entire drug supply is counterfeit. The New York City-based Center for Medicines in the Public Interest recently predicted that by 2010, counterfeit drug sales will reach $75 billion worldwide, almost doubling from the estimated counterfeit sales in 2005. The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) estimates that the financial impact of counterfeit drugs on U.S. companies is $30 billion a year (Brooks, 2006; Eban, 2006). Today, the toll of counterfeit drugs is mounting worldwide: * Last year in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Abadir Nasr, a retail pharmacist, was arrested for dispensing counterfeit doses of Norvasc® to heart patients - pills filled with only talc. The local coroner investigated five patient deaths - all caused by a heart attack or stroke - that may have been brought about by the substitution of the counterfeit drug (Pitts, 2005). * Within the last year, counterfeit versions of three popular drugs - Lipitor® for cholesterol, Cialis® (for erectile dysfunction) and Reductil® (for obesity) have surfaced in England. One British expert, Graham Satchwell, has estimated that 100,000 counterfeit drug imports are dispensed by the National Health Service annually (Eban, 2006). * Lipitor® is a cholesterol reducing medication taken by more than 600,000 Americans, making it the most widely prescribed drug in the country. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced on August 31, 2005 that it had busted a Lipitor counterfeiting ring that was trafficking almost $50 million worth of the drug (Gottlieb, 2005). …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle