Water Ion Interactions at Crude Oil-Water Interface: A New Fundamental Understanding on SmartWater Flood
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract SmartWater flooding through tailoring of injection water salinity and ionic composition is getting good attention in the industry for improved oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs. Surface/intermolecular forces, thin-film dynamics and capillary/adhesion forces at rock-fluids interfaces govern crude oil liberation from pores. On the other hand, stability and rigidity of oil-water interfaces control the destabilization of interfacial film to promote coalescence between released oil droplets and contribute to recovery. As a resultant, the oil recovery in SmartWater flood is due to the combined effect of favorable interactions occurring at both oil-brine and oil/brine-rock interfaces across the thin-film. Most of the laboratory studies reported so far have been focused on only studying the interactions at rock-fluids interfaces. The other important aspect of characterizing water ion interactions at crude oil-water interface has not been well recognized and still remains largely unexplored. In this study, a detailed experimental investigation was carried out to understand the effects of different water ions at crude oil-water interface, using several novel instruments such as Langmuir trough, interfacial shear rheometer, attension tensiometer and coalescence time measurement apparatus. The crude oil from a typical Saudi Arabian reservoir and four different water recipes with varying salinities and individual ion concentrations were used. Interface pressures, compression energy, interfacial viscous and elastic moduli, oil droplet crumpling ratio and coalescence time between crude oil droplets are the major experimental data measured. Interfacial pressures gradually increased with compressing surface area for all the brines and deionized (DI) water. The compression energy (integration of interfacial pressure over the surface area change) is the highest for DI water, followed by the lower salinity brine containing sulfate ions indicating rigid interfaces. The transition times of interfacial layer to become elastic-dominant from viscous-dominant structures is found to be much shorter for brines enriched with sulfates, once again confirming the rigidity of interface. The crumpling ratios (oil drop wrinkles when contracted) are also higher with the two recipes of DI water and sulfates-only brine to indicate the same trend and confirm elastic rigid skin at the interface. The coalescence time between oil droplets were the least in brines containing sufficient amount of calcium, magnesium and sodium ions, while the highest in DI water and sulfate rich brine respectively. These results therefore showed good correlation of coalescence times with the rigidity of oil-water interface, as interpreted from different measurement techniques. This study for the first-time provided a comprehensive characterization of crude oil-water interface to understand microscopic scale water ion interactions and mechanisms responsible for coalescence between crude oil droplets in SmartWater flood. The results also indicated the importance of both salinity and certain ions, such as calcium, and magnesium in the SmartWater, to enhance the coalescence between released crude oil droplets and quickly form oil bank in the reservoir for faster oil recovery.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».