Traditional Invasive and Synchrotron-Based Noninvasive Assessments of Three-Dimensional-Printed Hybrid Cartilage Constructs <i>In Situ</i>
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Three-dimensional (3D)-printed constructs made of polycaprolactone and chondrocyte-impregnated alginate hydrogel (hybrid cartilage constructs) can mimic the biphasic nature of articular cartilage, thus offering promise for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Notably, the regulatory pathway for medical device development requires validation of such constructs through in vitro bench tests and in vivo preclinical examinations for premarket approval. For this, noninvasive imaging techniques are required for effective evaluation of the progress of these cartilage constructs, especially when implanted in animal models or human subjects. However, characterization of the individual components of the hybrid cartilage constructs and their associated time-dependent structural changes by currently available noninvasive techniques is challenging as these constructs contain a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic biomaterials with different refractive indices. In this study, we report the use of a novel synchrotron radiation inline phase contrast imaging computed tomography (SR-inline-PCI-CT) approach for noninvasive (in situ) characterization of 3D-printed hybrid cartilage constructs that has been implanted subcutaneously in mice over a 21-day period. In parallel, traditional invasive assays were used to evaluate the in vivo performance of the implanted hybrid cartilage constructs with respect to their cell viability and secretion of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix over the 21-day period postimplantation in mice. SR-inline-PCI-CT allowed striking visualization of the individual components within the 3D-printed hybrid cartilage constructs, as well as characterization of the time-dependent structural changes after implantation. In addition, the relationship between the implanted constructs and the surrounding tissues was delineated. Furthermore, traditional assays showed that cell viability within the cartilage constructs was at least 70% at all three time points, and secretion of alcian blue- and collagen type 2-positive matrices increased progressively over the 21-day period postimplantation. Overall, these results demonstrate that the 3D-printed hybrid cartilage constructs have good in vivo performance and validate their potential for regeneration of articular cartilage in vivo. In addition, SR-inline-PCI-CT has demonstrated potential for longitudinal and noninvasive monitoring of the functionality of 3D-printed hybrid cartilage constructs in a way that is translatable to other soft tissue engineering applications.
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Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle