Optimization of Metal-on-Metal Lubricants for Coil Tubing Applications
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The development of horizontal well completion techniques has untapped a massive amount of hydrocarbon resources previously economically unreachable. Extended-reach horizontal well designs are now the rule rather than the exception and introduce a myriad of new challenges associated with downhole operations. Numerous mechanical approaches have been implemented to overcome deleterious frictional forces intrinsic to extended reach Coil Tubing (CT) interventions; cutting edge mechanical techniques rely on devices such as downhole tractors and fluid hammer tools to avoid helical buckling, and eventual CT lock-up. The most daunting factor associated with the application of these tools is the cost which is especially important in the current energy resource industry downturn. Drag-reducing agents (DRA) appear to be the common denominator in extended reach CT interventions. To date, synergistically paired metal-filming lubricants and fluid friction reducers provide a cost-effective method to enhance weight on bit (WOB) required while running in and/or pulling out of hole (RIH/POOH) CT strings. Given the dynamic nature of CT operations, carrier fluids experience extreme conditions changes (temperature, pressure and/or physicochemical), during their tubular residency time. The change in environmental conditions can result in poor dispersibility of DRA's, and therefore, render them ineffective through a lack of contact with the metal. Herein, this paper presents details of a thorough tribology and rheological analysis of commercially available DRA's in different oil field brines, and the corresponding field case studies evaluating data reproducibility. Lab testing data includes 4 ball (ASTM D4172A) testing as well as Reichert friction and wear analysis test results. The OFITE EP (extreme pressure) lubricity tester type equipment, which was originally conceived to reproduce coefficients of friction (COF) for drill string/mud simulations, has been historically included in metal-on-metal (MOM) lubricant analysis. A rapid method was implemented involving a sled and plate COF type tester. Normally used for measuring the friction between two dry surfaces, it was adapted for measuring COF of MOM lubricants currently in use during CT operations in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). Lubricity testing on the top MOM lubricant performers showed a COF reduction in the range of 11 −28%, when 150 mm/min sled speed was tested. Also, through the rheological and qualitative analysis of the carrier fluid, dispersibility appears to be improved with the addition of the fluid friction reducer. In addition to the sled-plate COF testing analysis and field case data validation, this study will include an oscillatory shear rheological analysis of the carrier fluid, by using the Haake RheoStress®6000. This will help us to understand the viscoelastic behavior and its relationship with MOM dispersibility.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle