Recovery Improvement of Gravity Driven Steam Applications Using New Generation Chemical Additives
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Reservoirs containing very heavy oil or extremely heterogeneous/fractured geology are not convenient for steamflooding and even cyclic steam injection. Then, steam can be used to heat the reservoir and accelerate the recovery by gravity drainage. Two well-known applications of this method are steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) and thermally assisted gas oil gravity drainage. Although the latter is not commercially applied, the former is a proven technology with remarkable production in Canada and Venezuela. Due to the risks caused by the cost and solvent retention, no large scale applications of solvent injection with steam have been implemented. An alternative is to use chemicals as suggested a few decades ago to alter the interfacial forces and improve microscopic displacement. This paper presents experimental results on testing -new generation- chemicals for their capability in recovery improvement. Sandpack experiments were conducted to evaluate the incremental in oil recovery by chemical additives compared to sole steam injection. Steam and chemicals were heated and introduced to the system from separate channels at the entrance of the vertically situated sandpack (30 cm long, 5 cm in diameter). To generate a purely gravity dominated system (pressure differential of 10–25 psi) a back pressure regulator was used. The chemicals used include thermally stable surface agents, such as surfactants (AAS J1111, O352, LTS-18), Tween 20, biodiesel), ionic liquid (BMMIM BF4), high pH solution (NaBO2), solvent (heptane), and nanoparticles (SiO2). The oil selected was 20,000 cp crude. Incremental recoveries were monitored and related to the thermal stability of the chemicals. A comparative analysis was provided as to their contribution to the reduction of the cost (less steam and lower temperature) and chemicals were classified based on their recovery improvement performance and thermal stability. Through this experimental schematic, the highest increment in oil recovery was achieved by LTS-18 but also combined a high duration of the experiment with a high water consumption. This reduces the result in economical favorable conditions of the LTS-18. Biodiesel had the best performances in steam-to-oil ratio (SOR) and its effects needs to be further investigated. Tertiary injection of hot water with a surfactant was inefficient. Ionic liquid increased the oil recovery in the tertiary stage after the core was flooded with a low quality steam by 20%.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».