Statecraft, Domestic Politics, and Foreign Policymaking: The El Chamizal Dispute
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Why did it take more than half a century for the United States to comply with the decision of an international arbitration tribunal?Why did it take so long to settle the Chamizal boundary conflict?The dispute arose when between 1852-1873 the Rio Grande shifted its course to the south in the El Paso area.The most radical shift occurred in 1864 when, under flood conditions, the river violently left its banks, cutting into Mexican territory to establish a new course for its flow and in the process leaving behind several hundred acres of land which had been formerly south of the river in Mexico.The shifting river continued to change course and had moved approximately 600 acres to the U.S. side of the river by 1873.This land had been clearly Mexican, but was it still?This question was raised because under the U.S.-Mexican Boundary Treaty of 1884 the boundary between the two countries was the middle of the river.However, if the river changed its route slowly, the boundary moved with it, but if the river changed its course "avulsively," the boundary did not change.Thus, was the course change of 1864 avulsive or not?Did Mexico lose 600 acres of national territory or not?The question was made even more complicated because the incidents occurred before the 1884 treaty was signed.To answer these questions the two countries submitted the matter to international arbitration, and in 1911 the international arbitration tribunal under the chairmanship of the Canadian jurist, Eugene LeFluer, decided that the 1884 treaty did apply retroactively, and that the river had in fact moved avulsively and therefore the land in question remained Mexican.The U.S. rejected the finding and refused to honor it on the basis that the tribunal had exceeded its authority.The matter became a cause celebre throughout Latin America, and a festering "burr under the saddle" of U.S.-Mexican relations.The Mexican diplomat, Vicente SAnchez Gavito, summed up the Mexican dismay, "Mexico never wins in its disputes with the United States for when considerations are decided against Mexico, Mexico accepts; but when they are decided against the United States, the United States does not accept."He added, "Mexicans are a sporting people, and when a decision
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».