Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus'. Vol. 10: The Cossack Age, 1657-1659

Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus'. Vol. 10: The Cossack Age, 1657-1659. Edmonton and Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 2014. c + 327pp. + 3 maps. Review by Carol B. Stevens, Colgate University. Another volume of Mykhailo Hrushevsky's magisterial History of Ukraine-Rus' has become available in English translation, thanks to the efforts of the Peter Jacyk Centre for Ukrainian Historical Research at the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. It will take its place alongside earlier English-language translations of the History. Currently, volume one is in print, while volumes 2-5 are projected; this sequence, volumes 1-5, covers the time period through the fifteenth century. The translation of volume ten represents something a bit different--the completion of a four-volume subseries (#7-10) within the History; these volumes deal with the early modern history of Ukrainian Cossacks from the fifteenth century through to 1659 and the ratification of the Treaty of Hadiach. Mykhailo Hrushevsky was at work on this, the tenth volume of his history of Ukraine-Rus,' when he died in 1934. When he died, only the first part of a longer intended volume was substantially complete. The original edition of the present translation was further edited and corrected by Kateryna Hrushevska after her father's death. She succeeded in seeing it through to publication in 1936, which was, as Serhii Plokhy has said elsewhere, nothing short of a miracle in a Stalinist Soviet Union so hostile to Hryshevsky's historical approach. Its publication narrowly preceded Kateryna's arrest in 1938. The central historical figure of volume ten is Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky, whose portrait appears on the dust jacket. Vyhovsky succeeded Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky who, as leader of the Cossacks, had attempted to separate from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and to create a permanent autonomous Ukrainian Cossack state. Volume ten explores the tense situation among the Cossacks after Khmelnytsky's death, Vyhovsky's succession as Hetman, and subsequent military efforts and diplomatic negotiations directed at maintaining an autonomous Ukraine. The tension between bringing Ukrainian life into closer dependence on Muscovite control and the defense of ancient Ukrainian liberties against such restrictions (65) forms a central theme. Among many other international dealings, the fluctuating possibility of a Ukrainian military alliance with Crimea appears occasionally as an interesting and underestimated subtext. When the volume was initially published, its use of heretofore little studied materials made it a particularly important contribution to the diplomatic history of Ukraine. Part I chronicles disputes over the election of the new Hetman, Ivan Vyhovsky. Muscovy at first tried to use these disagreements to extend its dominion over Cossackdom. However, in the context of a promising but ultimately failed Ukrainian-Swedish alliance, Moscow apparently held back. The Hetmanate negotiated directly and intensively, not only with the Muscovite capital but also with its military representative in the south, Grigorii Romodanovskii; Vyhovsky's interpretation of these events was that Romodanovskii was not well disposed towards him. The process of selection of the metropolitan of the Orthodox Church in Kyiv also contributed to the renewed growth of tensions with Muscovy. Part Two presents a detailed and lengthy examination of the internal conflicts and other affairs of the Cossack Zaporozhian Sich. It analyzes the sources of resistance to Vyhovsky's election as Hetman, and illustrates Muscovite efforts to cultivate divisiveness in order to promote its own involvement in Ukrainian affairs and to expand that involvement at the expense of the Hetman's authority. Nonetheless, a military campaign undertaken by Vyhovsky against his internal opponents in June of 1658 led to the death of one of their leaders, Martyn Pushar, and victory for Vyhovsky at Poltava. …

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