Health Impact Assessment, Human Rights and Global Public Policy: A Critical appraisal/Evaluation De L'impact Sanitaire, Droits De L'homme et Politique D'interet Mondial : Etude critique/Evaluacion del Impacto Sanitario, Derechos Humanos Y Politica Publica Mundial: Analisis Critico

Introduction Health impact assessment (HIA) is combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, programme or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population. (1) The main purpose of undertaking HIA is to move towards healthier societies through the development of public policy--in other words, the development of policies, programmes and projects that take account of their likely or actual impacts on health. If the use of HIA is to achieve its potential, assessments need to be undertaken at regional and global levels as well as at local and national levels. Although several alternative models exist, the HIA process includes: * the obtainment of an agreement on the scope of the HIA terms of depth, duration, spatial and temporal boundaries, methods and outputs; * an analysis of policy context and content; * a profile of areas and communities likely to be affected by the policy; * the collection of qualitative and quantitative data on potential impacts and their distribution from stakeholders, key informants and existing evidence; * an evaluation of the importance, scale and likelihood (and, if possible, costs) of potential impacts; * the development of options and recommendations for action; and * a framework for monitoring and evaluation following implementation of recommendations. HIA is an important public policy tool because it can: (2) * promote equity, sustainability and healthy public policy an unequal and frequently unhealthy world; * improve the quality of decision-making health and partner organizations by incorporating the need to address health issues into planning and policy-making; * emphasize social and environmental justice (it is usually those who are already disadvantaged who suffer most from negative health impacts); * encourage public participation debates about public policy issues; * give equal status to both qualitative and quantitative assessment methods; * make values and politics explicit, and open issues to public scrutiny; * demonstrate that health-relevant policy is far broader than health-care issues. HIA is used public policy decision-making a wide and rapidly increasing range of and less countries throughout the world. HIA has had a high profile developing countries since the 1980s, where it was used mainly as part of development projects. In developed countries, HIA became popular during the past 15 years Australia, Canada, New Zealand and several European countries, such as the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Since 2000, HIA has been used the United States. In all of these countries the chief focus of HIA has been on the impacts affecting the physical environment, such as transport and urban development. Using HIA this way helps spread understanding of the determinants of health among policy-makers working outside the health ministries and encourages them to take account of health impacts on residents. However, HIA remains relatively inward-looking; for example, it does not engage with the health impacts of foreign policy. This applies in the UK, Europe and worldwide. (3) The European Commission has implemented proposals to undertake integrated impact assessments of all European policies. (4) Integrated impact assessments involve relatively superficial evaluations of the impact of policies along several different dimensions. The European Commission's initiative was partly response to the range of assessments--for example, environmental, health, gender and economic--being carried out on new European policies. However, major policies require more in-depth assessments, and the European Commission has also funded the development of a European policy HIA methodology. …

Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.