Consumer Protection Through Competition Law: Civil and Practical Analysis of Canadian and European Positions
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Competition law contributes to protecting consumers. European competition law proves to be the link between competition law and consumer law. The single market needs protection for European consumers. Nonetheless, not all occidental countries know this link between consumer law and competition law. Canadian competition law illustrates this issue. Indeed, constitutional barriers explain this difficulty. The Canadian parliament has the legislative power to regulate trade and commerce, but also criminal law. So Canadian competition law has been taking power in the regulation of trade and in criminal law. In Canada, consumer protection is provided by the provinces that can make laws to protect consumer contracts. This power is based on the power of the Canadian provinces in civil law. The Quebec civil code and the Consumer Protection Act of this province shows this competence. There is, in Canada, a direct protection of consumers by the provinces, like in Quebec, and an indirect protection by federal competition law. For example, misleading advertising is punished under the criminal rules of competition law. Another aspect of this subject is the private enforcement of competition law. Section 36 of the competition law permits the consumer to sue a person who engages in conduct that is contrary to any provision of the criminal part of the law. The constitutional validity of this section was disputed in the Canadian Supreme Court. For the court, Section 36 was constitutional. Consequently, this section protects the consumer directly against a violation of competition law. This paper tries to identify how civil law, particularly in Quebec, can be used to improve the protection of consumers in the area of competition. Competition damages are one of the solutions that can be explored. In this context, a comparison is made with European law. Directive 2014/104 shows that consumer protection can take place in competition law. In a civil law system, such as France, the introduction of collective redress demonstrates that there may be a link between consumer law and competition law. This article finally shows that consumer protection occurs at two levels. The supranational law ensures healthy competition in the market and consumer safety. National law protects consumers in contractual relations. We find this situation in Canada and in the European Union. However, these two legal systems reconcile consumer law and competition law by the private enforcement of competition law. This article explores this new reality.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».