Google and Ye Shall Be Found: Privacy, Search Queries, and the Recognition of a Qualified Privilege
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
I. INTRODUCTION Modern technology allows us to record and maintain massive amounts of personal information, increasing the amount of data flowing from the private sector to the Government. (1) The popularity and success of the Internet is due in large part to search engines, which facilitate navigation through vast amounts of information. (2) Search engine use is becoming the primary activity on the Internet, a close second to email. (3) Most, however, do not realize that search engines accumulate massive amounts of data including personal information such as names, addresses, and social security numbers. (4) Privacy advocates and search industry watchdogs have warned about these caches of information and the threat they pose, expressly considering the vulnerability to thieves, rogue employees, mishaps or government subpoenas. (5) Google's stated mission is to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful. (6) The lofty goal of this internet search engine giant and its rivals have recently put them at the forefront of the war over a federal law designed to shield children from online pornography: the Child Online Protection Act (COPA). (7) The Department of Justice has served subpoenas on Yahoo, MSN, America Online, and Google, hoping to show that online filters meant to shield children from harmful content are inadequate. (8) This prompted the submission of millions of users' search records by these services, except Google. (9) Google's resistance to the government's subpoena attracted the attention of privacy advocates. (10) This Note highlights the battle over online privacy and advocates for a specific form of protection: the recognition of a federal common law qualified discovery privilege for search queries. It will begin by discussing the rise of the Internet to a virtual library of all human achievement, the role of search engines in discovery, and the invasion of privacy that occurs when these queries are revealed. Next, it will discuss Google and its fight against the Department Of Justice, including the privacy implications, followed by an analysis of Fourth Amendment and its inability to adapt to growing technologies. Finally, it will discuss the creation of the proposed privilege and possible arguments by proponents and opposition alike. This Note will conclude with a discussion of the scope and architecture of the privilege, examining the way it promotes both the goals of discovery and concerns over privacy. A. The Problem of Modern Informational Glut The benefits of living in the Information Age do not come without a price. Participation requires that we form relationships with a vast number of entities including Internet Service Providers (ISPs), cellular phone companies, credit card companies, and banks with online services. Furthermore, the future of the Internet as a virtual Royal Library of Alexandria requires effective filtering tools to unearth relevant information. (11) One fear is that technology lowers the cost of thinking, while increasing the quantity of thinking, which ultimately can drown us in data. For example, in 1850 only four percent of American workers handled information on the job. (12) Now, the phenomenal growth of information available online exceeds our ability to process it and frustrates the Internet's role as a virtual library. (13) Fortunately, along with the advent of the Internet, many were eager to develop new ways to navigate this new information repository. Like the printing press, search engines opened access to information once only available to the elite. B. The Detective, the Librarian, and the Attendant The development of search engines was necessary to avoid information overload. The first search engine, Archie, was developed in 1990 at McGill University in Montreal. (14) At the time, files were scattered on public anonymous File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers, and the location of the files would remain secret unless disclosed. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,012 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,006 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,011 |
| Communication savante | 0,012 | 0,014 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,006 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,022 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».