A Second Life for Tourism and Economic Development?: A Look at Early Experiments in Using Virtual Worlds to Promote Real World Sites
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Virtual worlds are exploding in popularity today, and Second Life - an unstructured virtual environment - has become a venue of great interest not just for individual users and entrepreneurs, but for corporations, educational institutions, and governmental agencies. One of most exciting possibilities for such virtual worlds is to use this new platform to promote one's local/national area as a site for tourism and/or economic development. In this article, we explore efforts made to date in this area by government agencies, both domestically and internationally, and provide an analysis of how to evaluate effectiveness of such in-world ventures. Keywords: Web 2.0, Virtual Worlds, Second Life, Tourism, Economic Development, ROI INTRODUCTION In age of Web 2.0, Gibson (2007) observed that it is important to remember newness of Web and living online, stating: The Internet is a new human activity in, I imagine, way cities were once a new human activity. And we're still coming up with novel things to do in cities. So Internet has some ongoing novelty value (n.p.). Today, as never before, people from around world are becoming connected in whole new, novel ways, most notably in virtual reality of virtual worlds, which have been categorized as being the next great information frontiers (Bush & Kisiel, 2007, p. 1). They are known rather synonymously as: MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games); MMORPGs (massively multi-player online role playing games); MUVEs (multi-user online virtual environments); or NVEs (networked virtual environments). Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) - umbrella term that will be used in this report - can be defined as being: graphical two-dimensional (2-D) or threedimensional (3D) videogames played online, allowing individuals, through their self-created digital characters or 'avatars,' to interact not only with gaming software but with other players (Steinkuehler and Williams, 2006, n.p.). Writing in Harvard Business Review, Reeves, Malone, and O'Driscoll (2008) differentiated Second Life from MMOGs in following manner: unlike online games, virtual social worlds lack structured, mission-oriented narratives; defined character roles; and explicit goals (p. 62). In virtual social world of Second Life, there are no quests, no scripted play and no top down game plan (Sharp & Salomon, 2008). There is no embedded objective or narrative to follow. There are no levels, no targets, and no dragons to slay. It has been hailed as nothing less than evolution of computer game, as rather man having a ready-made character witii a fixed purpose, one creates his or her own avatar witii an open-ended existence (Hutchinson, 2007, n.p.). Thus, rather than being a Star Wars-like character or an armed, rogue warrior whose mission it is to shoot as many other characters as possible or to collect enough points or tokens to advance to next level, Second Life avatar traverses a virtual world - often flying teleporting from virtual place to virtual place. Virtual worlds are fast becoming an environment of choice for millions of individuals - and a very big business. Since its launch in January 2004, number of residents in Second Life has grown rapidly - to over 13 million in early 2008 (Linden Lab, 2008). Second Life is, in truth, but one slice - albeit a tremendously important one - of overall virtual worlds' marketplace. In fact, both in terms of population and revenue, Second Life is dwarfed in size by what Sellers (2007) aptly termed men in tights games, medieval-styled fantasy games such as - World of Warcraft, Runescape, Lineage, Ragnarok, and Everquest. In fact, in January 2008, World of Warcraft - largest MMOG - surpassed astonishing mark of having 10 million active subscribers - at least a quarter of which are based in U.S. and Canada (Smith, 2008) and almost half of whom are based in China (Au, 2008a). …
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,010 | 0,015 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,006 | 0,005 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,008 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».