Trade & Transport Policy in Inclement Skies - The Conflict between Sustainable Air Transportation and Neo-Classical Economics
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Transportation has been described the world's most serious environmental villain. Concerns over profligate consumption of non-renewable resources (i.e., fossil fuels), global warming, ozone depletion, and acid rain, well air and noise pollution, urban sprawl, congestion, and safety, warrant careful examination of the role of transport in making the planet less habitable. As one source put it, as a result of decades of careless development practices, our generation is now confronted with the reality of irreversible environmental damage.Among the most prominent of non-renewable resources being consumed at a vigorous rate are fossil fuels, particularly oil. During the twentieth century, world energy consumption increased more than twelve times, while per capita energy consumption increased 3.7 times. Fuel consumption by transport increases at the rate of 2.6% a year. The combustion of fossil fuels releases significant pollutants into the Earth's atmosphere; these include greenhouse gases, such carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides [NOx], volatile organic compounds, and unburnt hydrocarbons. Greenhouse gases are those which are particularly effective in absorbing longer wavelength radiation beyond the visible light spectrum and trapping it in the atmosphere. Transportation accounts for forty-five percent of all volatile organic compound emissions.Though most of the problem of pollution is caused by the surface modes, particularly the automobile, increased concerns are being raised by air transportation-the fastest growing mode of transport and the only human enterprise to emit pollutants directly into the upper atmosphere. Noise and emissions are the most serious environmental problems posed by commercial aviation. Aircraft and the airports to and which they fly are their source. The fundamental question is how to accommodate commercial economic activity without jeopardizing the environment in which we live.This article examines the traditional means by which the adverse environmental consequences of air transport may be arrested and advocates consideration of non-traditional remedies. Within the traditional arsenal of prohibitory and remedial means examined are: U.S. legal and regulatory mechanisms; airport locational and environmental abatement alternatives; and technology and planning. Within the less traditional means of arresting environmental pollution and enhancing sustainability examined are: social norms; rational pricing; trade policy; and transport policy. A comprehensive solution to the problems of environmental degradation caused by air transport requires that all these areas be addressed.No single remedy will likely work, and several are inextricably intertwined; but much progress can be made if they are pursued in tandem. The overriding objective should be to make transport least offensive possible, so to achieve sustainability. But before addressing remedies to the problem of environmental degradation, this article first assesses the problem.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Communication savante | 0,008 | 0,005 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,007 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,014 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».