International Regulation and Harmonization of Eco-Label Programs for Goods and Services
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Given both trade globalization and the growing media coverage of the deterioration of natural resources and the ozone layer, many citizens have become more demanding as consumers when it comes to the environmental quality of the products they purchase. In this context, the implementation of adequate labeling may become both a major competitive issue in the marketplace and a means of promoting sustainable development that will allow for the inclusion of environmental considerations in production processes and in individuals' behavior and choices. Designed to inform both private and public consumers of a product's environmental performance as compared to other products in the same category, the eco-label is an excellent tool for the implementation of this new development paradigm. Its goal is to use markets to meet environmental goals. Currently, the eco-label is the result of a voluntary step taken by manufacturers who takes it upon themselves to declare that their products are ecologically sound through the use of various seals or phrases such as “nitrate free,” “ozone layer friendly,” “biodegradable,” etc.). Alternatively, the manufacturer may ask an independent organization for the right to use an eco-label by following a preset procedure and complying with pre-established criteria. Since the end of the 1980s, many countries have set up ecological certification and eco-labeling programs, including the European eco-label, the Blue Angel eco-label in Germany, the Green Seal in the U S, and the NF eco-label in France, the Eco-mark in Japan, and the Eco-logo in Canada. For the past ten years, the eco-label has drawn the interest of public authorities in Western countries. Over the same decade, Europeans have gained a level of expertise that today allows them to assume an international leadership role in the field of eco-labeling. In this context, several European jurists and economists have therefore become interested in the conditions linked to the development of this new tool for regulating production. Their studies show that the creation of a national policy for ecological labeling must be based on recognized standards, whether private or prescribed, so that the awarding of an eco-label can be based on objective criteria. Within the framework of trade liberalization, the development of such eco-label programs must be carried out while, at the same time, an effort must be made to avoid creating obstacles to international trade. Yet very little research has been devoted to the rules of international law that apply to this topic despite the fact that this question is central to the reflection that must be undertaken on the development of ecological labeling as a sustainable development tool. Our paper sets out to answer this question and to study the impact the International Standards Organization's (ISO) 14000 series of standards has had on the harmonization of national eco-labeling policies. Given the impact of international legal standards on the development of the eco-label as a sustainable development tool, there is a need to make an in-depth analysis of the conditions for national eco-labeling policy harmonization at the international level.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».